01918nas a2200241   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186520110800255653002301363653002801386653002001414653000901434653001401443653002301457653002401480653001801504653000901522653002001531653003001551100002401581700003001605856004101635       2021                        eng d00aDefining the multidimensional phenotype: new opportunities to integrate the behavioral ecology and behavioral neuroscience of vocal learning0 aDefining the multidimensional phenotype new opportunities to int3 a<p>Vocal learning has evolved independently in several lineages. This complex cognitive trait is commonly treated as binary: species either possess or lack it. This view has been a useful starting place to examine the origins of vocal learning, but is also incomplete and potentially misleading, as specific components of the vocal learning program &ndash; such as the timing, extent and nature of what is learned &ndash; vary widely among species. In our review we revive an idea first proposed by Beecher and Brenowitz (2005) by describing six dimensions of vocal learning: (1) which vocalizations are learned, (2) how much is learned, (3) when it is learned, (4) who it is learned from, (5) what is the extent of the internal template, and (6) how is the template integrated with social learning and innovation. We then highlight key examples of functional and mechanistic work on each dimension, largely from avian taxa, and discuss how a multi-dimensional framework can accelerate our understanding of why vocal learning has evolved, and how brains became capable of this important behaviour.</p>
10abehavioral ecology10abehavioral neuroscience10abrain evolution10acall10aCognition10acomparative method10aintegrative biology10aneurogenetics10asong10atrait evolution10avocal production learning1 aWright, Timothy, F.1 aDerryberry, Elizabeth, P.  uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/node/5841004329nas a2200409   4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001600239300000600255490000900261520318800270653001303458653001003471653000903481653001803490653002103508653001903529653001603548653000903564653001003573653001003583653002503593653001303618653001703631100001903648700001903667700002203686700002503708700002603733700001803759700001603777700002603793700002403819700001903843856005703862       2017                        eng d  a1175-532600aThe use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice0 ause of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy theory terminology method  cNov-04-2017  a10 v42513 a<p>Vocalizations of anuran amphibians have received much attention in studies of behavioral ecology and physiology, but also provide informative characters for identifying and delimiting species. We here review the terminology and variation of frog calls from a perspective of integrative taxonomy, and provide hands-on protocols for recording, analyzing, comparing, interpreting and describing these sounds. Our focus is on advertisement calls, which serve as premating isolation mechanisms and, therefore, convey important taxonomic information. We provide recommendations for terminology of frog vocalizations, with call, note and pulse being the fundamental subunits to be used in descriptions and comparisons. However, due to the complexity and diversity of these signals, an unequivocal application of the terms call and note can be challenging. We therefore provide two coherent concepts that either follow a note-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units of sound as notes, and their entirety as call) or a call-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units as call whenever they are separated by long silent intervals) in terminology. Based on surveys of literature, we show that numerous call traits can be highly variable within and between individuals of one species. Despite idiosyncrasies of species and higher taxa, the duration of calls or notes, pulse rate within notes, and number of pulses per note appear to be more static within individuals and somewhat less affected by temperature. Therefore, these variables might often be preferable as taxonomic characters over call rate or note rate, which are heavily influenced by various factors. Dominant frequency is also comparatively static and only weakly affected by temperature, but depends strongly on body size. As with other taxonomic characters, strong call divergence is typically indicative of species-level differences, whereas call similarities of two populations are no evidence for them being conspecific. Taxonomic conclusions can especially be drawn when the general advertisement call structure of two candidate species is radically different and qualitative call differences are thus observed. On the other hand, quantitative differences in call traits might substantially vary within and among conspecific populations, and require careful evaluation and analysis. We provide guidelines for the taxonomic interpretation of advertisement call differences in sympatric and allopatric situations, and emphasize the need for an integrative use of multiple datasets (bio-acoustics, morphology, genetics), particularly for allopatric scenarios. We show that small-sized frogs often emit calls with frequency components in the ultrasound spectrum, although it is unlikely that these high frequencies are of biological relevance for the majority of them, and we illustrate that detection of upper harmonics depends also on recording distance because higher frequencies are attenuated more strongly. Bioacoustics remains a prime approach in integrative taxonomy of anurans if uncertainty due to possible intraspecific variation and technical artifacts is adequately considered and acknowledged.</p>
10aAmphibia10aAnura10acall10acall analysis10acall description10acall variation10adefinitions10anote10apulse10asound10aspecies delimitation10ataxonomy10avocalization1 aKöhler, Jörn1 aJansen, Martin1 aRodríguez, Ariel1 aKok, Philippe, J. R.1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aEmmrich, Mike1 aGlaw, Frank1 aHaddad, Célio, F. B.1 aRödel, Mark-Oliver1 aVences, Miguel  uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4251.1