00969nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001400202490000700216520053300223100001800756700002000774856004100794 1976 eng d00aUltrasonic clicks produced by the peacock butterfly: a possible bat-repellent mechanism0 aUltrasonic clicks produced by the peacock butterfly a possible b a639–6440 v643 a

Torpid peacock butterflies (Inachis io) produce intense ultrasonic clicks that startle captive vespertilionid bats (Plecotus auritus and Pipistrellus pipistrellus). The clicks occur as the wings are opened and are generated by a stiff portion of wing membrane between the costal and subcostal veins near the base of the forewing. The power spectrum of a click matches the most sensitive area of a bat's audiogram. Clicks may serve as acoustic equivalents of the attack-retarding eyespot display in the same species.

1 aMøhl, Bertel1 aMiller, Lee, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/node/5340701130nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001600244300001400260490000800274520059400282100002200876700002300898856005100921 1976 eng d a0008-347X00aCALLING SONGS OF ORCHELIMUM MEADOW KATYDIDS (TETTIGONIIDAE): I. MECHANISM, TERMINOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION0 aCALLING SONGS OF ORCHELIMUM MEADOW KATYDIDS TETTIGONIIDAE I MECH cJan-08-1976 a785 - 8000 v1083 aA terminology useful in describing conocephaline amplitude modulation patterns is presented in this first part of a three-part study of calling songs in Orchelimum meadow katydids. Geographical distributions are mapped for the 18 species which occur in North America north of Mexico and several substantial range extensions reported, Comparison of stridulatory files indicates two types within the genus, one characterized by more widely spaced teeth near the basal end of the file. Teeth are asymmetrical in accordance with the generation of the loudest song components on wing closure. 1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aWalker, Thomas, J. uhttp://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/ce108p785.pdf00990nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210007200131260001600203300001200219490000700231520049200238100002000730856009400750 1976 eng d a0770-281700aLa stridulation des cigales. Poésie grecque et réalité entomologique0 aLa stridulation des cigales Poésie grecque et réalité entomologi cJan-01-1976 a75 - 940 v453 a

Ancient Greek People lways liked cicada's song, but did not know clearly at first which organ was causing it. So, Hesiodos (VIII B.C.) and, after him, Alcaeos (VII/VI B.C.) referred cicada's song to movement fo wings. However, it is demonstrated from fragment 88 Diehl of the lyric poet Archilochos (VII B.C.) that orignal elements of stridulation were uncovered by the Ionians about 650 B.C. These ones are developed by aristotle (Naturalia) and the following authors).

1 aBodson, Liliane uhttp://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_1_181100704nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156300001200225490000700237520027300244100002400517856004100541 1976 eng d00aSpecies isolation and song types of the genus Ruspolia Schulthess (Orthoptera Tettigonioidea) in Uganda0 aSpecies isolation and song types of the genus iRuspoliai Schulth a511-5280 v103 a

An account is given of the songs of six speciesof the tettigoniid Ruspolia Schulthess occurring in Uganda. Some comment is made on their biology and distribution. Particular emphasis is made of the song as an isolating mechanism in sympatric species.

1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/node/1726101555nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260001600224300001200240490000600252520103800258100002001296700002101316856006001337 1976 eng d a0307-696200aAcoustic behaviour of both sexes of the speckled bush cricket Leptophyes punctatissima0 aAcoustic behaviour of both sexes of the speckled bush cricket em cJan-03-1976 a21 - 250 v13 a

As in other phaneropterine bush-crickets, both male and female Leptophyes punctatissima can stridulate. Stridulation in the female, which had previously been overlooked, occurs in response to the male call. The main frequency of the very brief chirps is around 40 kHz. The male is stimulated to chirp more frequently by receiving response chirps from the female. Unlike most Tettigoniidae the male moves toward the female and is thus dependant on her response signal. Communication can occur over distances of at least 5 m. Some structures involved in stridulation in the female differ from that described in other phaneropterines. The insects used in these experiments were all reared in the laboratory from wild-caught parents. Between forty and fifty different insects were used at various times for laboratory studies on the song, and four different males and three females were used on the field communication experiments. The sexes were kept separate from the moult to adult or for at least 10 days before experiments.

1 aHartley, J., C.1 aRobinson, D., J. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1976.tb00882.x00793nas a2200121 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001000214490000600224520029500230100001800525856012800543 1976 eng d00aA putative hybrid in nature between Chorthippus brunneus and C. biguttulus (Orthoptera : Acrididae)0 aputative hybrid in nature between Chorthippus brunneus and C big a71-740 v13 a

The characteristics of the song and morphology of a probable natural hybrid between the two grass- hoppers Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) and C. bigurruius (L.) are described and compared with those of the parent species. The status of C. eisentrauti (Ramme) is briefly discussed.

1 aRagge, D., R. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/content/putative-hybrid-nature-between-chorthippus-brunneus-and-c-biguttulus-orthoptera-acrididae03471nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260001600208300001400224490000600238520293100244100002003175856013003195 1976 eng d a0307-696200aProposal for a new term ‘echeme’ to replace ‘chirp’ in animal acoustics0 aProposal for a new term echeme to replace chirp in animal acoust cJan-06-1976 a103 - 1060 v13 a

The term ‘chirp’ as defined by Broughton (1952) and varied by him (1963a, b) is shown to be both inadequate and potentially misleading, particularly in the light of the principles of measurement of the time-parameters of insect song, which are reviewed. It is important to include, in the measured duration of a given element, not only the durations of its constituent sub-elements plus the intervals between them, but also an estimate of the interval that would have followed the last sub-element, had the emission been prolonged further.

‘Chirp’ should be totally restricted to initial, empirical descriptions of sounds that appear undivided to the human ear (or ultrasonics of corresponding length). For a first-order assemblage of syllables, the term ‘echeme’ with a highly relevant etymology, is proposed.

In early insect-acoustics studies, Broughton (e.g. 1963a), seeking mainly to follow the admirable German terminology of Faber (e.g. 1953) and Jacobs (e.g. 1953), and to combine it with accepted physical terms, proposed certain English equivalents, many of which (such as ‘pulse’, ‘syllable’, ‘sequence’) have proved adequate in the years since then.

The term ‘chirp’, however, had been rather loosely and inappropriately used in still earlier studies (Broughton, 1952, 1953; Chavasse et al., 1954) as the equivalent of Jacobs' Silbe (syllable = sound or ultrasound corresponding to one stroke of the singing apparatus). This was in direct conflict with the dictionary usage of ‘chirp’ as a sound that appears unitary and undivided to the unaided human ear (M. Duijm, personal communication in 1962).

This is why, in the 1963 revision, Broughton abandoned the use of chirp as equivalent of Silbe, in favour of the direct translation, syllable; and proposed restricting ‘chirp’ to usage as a term for the first-stage description of a unitary-sounding element of an animal emission, regardless of its composition in terms of physical units (pulses) or physiological units (syllables). Thus, the song of Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg)(Orth., Acrididae) sounds unitary to the human ear, but consists of a rapid series of sounds each corresponding to one stroke of the apparatus: it is therefore, according to the 1963 system, a ‘polysyllabic chirp’ (Fig. 1)-a chirp that happens to be a first-order assemblage of syllables. By contrast, the song of Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt) is a clear series of unitary sounds each visibly produced by one movement, and is therefore a ‘sequence’ of ‘monosyllabic chirps’ (Fig. 2).

 

1 aBroughton, W.B. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/de/content/proposal-new-term-%E2%80%98echeme%E2%80%99-replace-%E2%80%98chirp%E2%80%99-animal-acoustics