02105nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245008000054210006900134260001600203300001200219490000700231520159800238100002401836700002101860856006601881 1999 eng d a0003347200aNutritional effects on male calling behaviour in the variable field cricket0 aNutritional effects on male calling behaviour in the variable fi cJan-01-1999 a89 - 950 v573 a

In the variable field cricket,Gryllus lineaticeps, females prefer higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations in male calling song. Higher chirp rates are energetically more expensive to produce, but the energetic cost of calling does not vary with chirp duration. We tested the hypothesis that nutrition affects male chirp rate and chirp duration. Full-sibling brothers of similar age were placed on high- and low-nutrition feeding regimes. There was no effect of feeding regime on male weight; neither group showed a significant change in weight, and the two groups did not differ from each other in weight change. However, males on the high-nutrition feeding regime both called more frequently and called at higher chirp rates when they did call. The two groups did not differ in chirp duration, the duration of pulses within chirps or chirp dominant frequency. These results suggest that females select mates based on one nutrition-dependent call character (chirp rate) and one nutrition-independent call character (chirp duration). In addition, because males in the two groups did not show significant differences in weight change, and because males on the high-nutrition feeding regime engaged in energetically more expensive calling, these results suggest that males invest any excess energy above their basic maintenance requirements in the production of call types that increase their attractiveness to females. The absence of a relationship between body condition and calling song structure for males in the field may be a consequence of this pattern of energy allocation.

1 aWagner, William, E.1 aHoback, W. Wyatt uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334729890964201592nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209300001400225490000700239520086400246653002201110653001801132653002401150653001901174100002101193700002401214856014801238 1997 eng d a0307-696200aThe energetic cost of calling in the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps0 aenergetic cost of calling in the variable field cricket Gryllus  cJan-09-1997 a286 - 2900 v223 a

Female preferences for conspicuous male calls have been documented in many groups. However, relatively few studies have examined the metabolic costs associated with the production of call types preferred by females. We measured the oxygen consumption of calling male Gryllus lineaticeps Stål crickets using closed chamber respirometry. Calling song was recorded concurrently. The average increase in mass‐specific oxygen consumption during calling was 2.7 times basal rates of oxygen consumption, and calling males consumed approximately 1.2ml O2g‐lh‐1. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing chirp rate and pulse duration, but not with increasing chirp duration. Females of this species prefer higher chirp rates, thus some call types that increase the male's attractiveness to females require more metabolic energy to produce.

10afemale preference10aField cricket10aGryllus lineaticeps10ametabolic cost1 aHoback, W. Wyatt1 aWagner, William, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01170.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3032.1997.tb01170.x01823nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000600260520130900266100002401575856007801599 1996 eng d a1045-224900aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and acoustically orienting parasitoid flies0 aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and ac cJan-01-1996 a279 - 2850 v73 a

Traits that increase the attractiveness of males to females often make them more conspicuous to predators. In the field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps), males are attacked by parasitoid tachinid flies (Ormia ochracea) that locate males through their calls. Female flies larviposit on crickets and the larvae burrow into and feed on the cricket, killing the cricket upon emergence. To determine whether traits preferred by females increase a male's risk of attracting a predator, I examined the effect of variation in male singing behavior on mate and predator attraction. Both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates, longer chirp durations, and higher chirp amplitudes. In addition, both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations, even when these songs were of lower amplitude. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice will favor the evolution of higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. However, call types that increase a male's attractiveness to females also appear to increase a male's risk of attracting parasitoids. Sexual and natural selection appear to have opposing effects on the evolution of male singing behavior in this species.

1 aWagner, William, E. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/7.3.27902139nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260001600193300001000209490000600219520166600225100002601891700002401917856005201941 2010 eng d00aFemale Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song0 aFemale Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near  cSep-03-2010 ae95920 v53 a

Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, males that produce preferred song types provide females with greater material benefits, but they are also more likely to attract lethal parasitoid flies. First, we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in association with preferred high chirp rate males. Females were nearly twice as likely to be parasitized when caged with high chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefits they receive from mating with preferred males and the risk of being killed by a predator when near these males. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimum estimate of the female parasitism rate in the field. In a laboratory study, we found no difference in the proportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear to have biased our estimate of female parasitism rates. Overall, our results suggest that female association costs have the potential to shape the evolution of female mating preferences.

1 aMartin, Cassandra, M.1 aWagner, William, E. uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009592