01826nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245004200055210004100097260002000138300002400158490000600182520116800188653001401356653000901370653001701379653001501396653001601411100001901427700002101446856014101467       2013                        eng d  a1744-956100aHawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound0 aHawkmoths produce antibat ultrasound  cNov-20-20132082  a20130161 - 201301610 v93 a<p>Bats and moths have been engaged in aerial warfare for nearly 65 Myr. This arms race has produced a suite of counter-adaptations in moths, including bat-detecting ears. One set of defensive strategies involves the active production of sound; tiger moths&#39; ultrasonic replies to bat attack have been shown to startle bats, warn the predators of bad taste and jam their biosonar. Here, we report that hawkmoths in the Choerocampina produce entirely ultrasonic sounds in response to tactile stimulation and the playback of biosonar attack sequences. Males do so by grating modified scraper scales on the outer surface of the genital valves against the inner margin of the last abdominal tergum. Preliminary data indicate that females also produce ultrasound to touch and playback of echolocation attack, but they do so with an entirely different mechanism. The anti-bat function of these sounds is unknown but might include startling, cross-family acoustic mimicry, warning of unprofitability or physical defence and/or jamming of echolocation. Hawkmoths present a novel and tractable system to study both the function and evolution of anti-bat defences.</p>
10aarms race10abats10aecholocation10aSphingidae10asphinx moth1 aBarber, J., R.1 aKawahara, A., Y.  uhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2013.016102009nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000800271520132200279653001401601653001701615653003301632653001501665100001601680700002201696856008501718       2017                        eng d  a0024-406600aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths0 aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness  cMay-08-2017  a174 - 1840 v1213 a<p>Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths&rsquo; auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to &lsquo;pulse duration&rsquo; in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1&ndash;10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, &lsquo;intraspecific&rsquo; variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.</p>
10aarms race10aecholocation10apredator–prey interactions10aultrasound1 aNakano, Ryo1 aMason, Andrew, C.  uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw029