@article {57386,
	title = {Dueling frogs: do male green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) eavesdrop on and assess nearby calling competitors?},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {<p>Individuals produce advertisement signals with intended purposes and targets. However, these signals can be received by \&ldquo;eavesdroppers,\&rdquo; who may extract information from them and alter their behavior according to the extracted information. In anuran systems, males congregate at breeding sites to produce advertisement calls to attract receptive females and fend off rival males. Both sexes directly assess these calls in dyadic encounters and make decisions based on the call\&rsquo;s characteristics, e.g., frequency. What is unknown is whether bystander males eavesdrop on these same calls to inform their future competitive decisions. Here, we examined whether male green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) eavesdrop on competing males, assess their competitor\&rsquo;s call frequency, and respond accordingly. We exposed males to playbacks of two competing males that varied in call frequency\&mdash;high, average, low\&mdash;and quantified latency to call, time spent calling, and number of calling bouts. We found that males had reduced latency to call and called more when eavesdropping low-frequency competition, but not average or high-frequency competition. Focal male size also influenced how they responded, with larger males being more responsive than smaller males. Our results indicate that male green tree frogs are capable of eavesdropping on nearby male calls and produce behavioral responses accordingly. Further, it appears males are able to alternate between assessment strategies dependent upon the frequency of the eavesdropped competition. These findings indicate that males not only directly assess an opponent\&rsquo;s call in dyadic encounters, but also indirectly through eavesdropping.</p>
},
	keywords = {competition, eavesdropping, Green tree frogs, Hyla cinerea, Male call assessment},
	doi = {10.1007/s00265-018-2632-1},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-018-2632-1},
	author = {Garcia, Mark J. and Cronin, Andrew and Bowling, Tyler and Bushera, Hakeem and Hunter, Kimberly L. and Taylor, Ryan C.}
}
@article {52575,
	title = {Interactions between complex multisensory signal components result in unexpected mate choice responses},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-12-2017},
	pages = {239 - 247},
	abstract = {<p>Multimodal (multisensory) signalling is common in many species and often facilitates communication. How receivers integrate individual signal components of multisensory displays, especially with regard to variance in signal complexity, has received relatively little attention. In nature, male t\&uacute;ngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, produce multisensory courtship signals by vocalizing and presenting their inflating and deflating vocal sac as a visual cue. Males can produce a simple call (whine only) or a complex call (whine \&thorn; one or more chucks). In a series of two-choice experiments, we tested female preferences for variation in acoustic call complexity and amplitude (unimodal signals). We then tested preferences for the same calls when a dynamic robotic frog was added to one call, generating a multi- modal stimulus. Females preferred a complex call to a simple call; when both calls contained at least one chuck, additional numbers of chucks did not further increase attractiveness. When calls contained zero or one chuck, the visual stimulus of the robofrog increased call attractiveness. When calls contained multiple chucks, however, the visual component failed to enhance call attractiveness. Females also preferred higher amplitude calls and the addition of the visual component to a lower amplitude call did not alter this preference. At relatively small amplitude differences, however, the visual signal increased overall discrimination between the calls. These results indicate that the visual signal component does not provide simple enhancement of call attractiveness. Instead, females integrate multisensory components in a nonlinear fashion. The resulting perception and behavioural response to complex signals probably evolved in response to animals that communicate in noisy environments.</p>
},
	keywords = {anurans, mate choice, multimodal signalling, nonlinear interactions, sexual selection, signal weighting, t{\'u}ngara frog, vocal sac},
	issn = {00033472},
	doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.005},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721630121X},
	author = {Stange, Nicole and Rachel A. Page and Michael J. Ryan and Taylor, Ryan C.}
}
