02232nas a2200133 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001200246490000700258520175300265100001602018700002302034856004102057 1977 eng d00aFurther studies on the peripheral auditory system of 'CF-FM' bats specialized for fine frequency analysis of Doppler-shifted echoes0 aFurther studies on the peripheral auditory system of CFFM bats s a207-2320 v693 a

In the mustache bat (Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus), the cochlear microphonic (CM) recorded from the round window is sharply tuned at 61 kHz and shows a prominent transient response to a tone burst at about 61 kHz (i.e. its amplitude increases exponentially at the onset of the stimulus and decreases at its cessation). In terms of the time constant (I-I + 0-3 ms) and the resonance frequency (6I*I + 0-43 kHz) of this transient response, the Q of this system, assumed to correspond to a second-order filter, is 204 + 57. Peripheral neurones sensitive to 61 kHz have a very sharp excitatory area (or tuning curve). The Q of a tuning curve markedly increases with the rise in best frequency up to 61 kHz and decreases beyond 61 kHz. The Q value of a single neurone with best frequencies between 60-76 and 61-75 kHz is 210189. If the assumption that the CM is directly related to the mechanical motion of the basilar membrane is correct, the very sharp tuning curves of single neurones at about 61 kHz could be simply due to the mechanical tuning of the basilar membrane. Since this animal predominantly uses a 61 kHz sound for echolocation and peripheral auditory neurones show a low threshold and extremely sharp tuning at about 61 kHz, its peripheral auditory system is specialized for the reception and fine-frequency analysis of the principle component of orientation sounds and echoes. Sharply tuned neurones can code a frequency modulation as small as o-oi%, so that the wing beat of an insect would be easily coded by them. Unlike the CM, Nx is tuned at 64 kHz. This difference in best frequency is simply due to the properties of a sharply tuned resonator and Nlt and not due to a mechanism comparable to lateral inhibition.

1 aSUGA, NOBUO1 aJEN, PHILIP, H.-S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/5797500969nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001400202490000700216520053300223100001800756700002000774856004100794 1976 eng d00aUltrasonic clicks produced by the peacock butterfly: a possible bat-repellent mechanism0 aUltrasonic clicks produced by the peacock butterfly a possible b a639–6440 v643 a

Torpid peacock butterflies (Inachis io) produce intense ultrasonic clicks that startle captive vespertilionid bats (Plecotus auritus and Pipistrellus pipistrellus). The clicks occur as the wings are opened and are generated by a stiff portion of wing membrane between the costal and subcostal veins near the base of the forewing. The power spectrum of a click matches the most sensitive area of a bat's audiogram. Clicks may serve as acoustic equivalents of the attack-retarding eyespot display in the same species.

1 aMøhl, Bertel1 aMiller, Lee, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/5340702540nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001600243490000800259520175600267653001302023653002302036653001302059653001202072653001902084653002002103100002102123700001402144700002002158856012002178 2008 eng d a0022-094900aCues for acoustic detection of prey: insect rustling sounds and the influence of walking substrate0 aCues for acoustic detection of prey insect rustling sounds and t cJan-09-2008 a2799 - 28060 v2113 a

When insects walk, they generally produce sounds. These can reveal the walkers' presence and location to potential predators such as owls, bats and nocturnal primates. Additionally, predators might extract information on taxon, palatability, size or profitability from the rustling sounds. In contrast to ear morphology, hearing physiology and psychoacoustics of acoustically oriented predators, little attention has hitherto been paid to the acoustic structure and information content of prey sounds. An important element in the ecology of acoustic prey detection remained virtually unexplored: the influence of the substrate type on rustling sounds. In this study, we analysed amplitude and frequency parameters from insects walking on various natural substrates, in both Germany (Carabus beetles) and Madagascar (various beetles and cockroaches). The data show that rustling sound amplitude and frequency content depend on substrate type. On moist substrates arthropods produced less intense and less broadband rustling sounds than on dry substrates. Sound pressure level was reduced by about 6 dB, halving the detection range for the predator. For a given insect, rustling sound amplitude increased with walking speed. Finally, we found that the previously established correlation of arthropod size and rustling amplitude holds across multiple substrates. Based on these data, we provide for the first time estimates of realistic detection distances in the field. These distances range from below 1 m to over 13 m, depending on the substrate, insect mass, walking speed and background noise level. These estimates are crucial for an understanding of the foraging ecology, foraging efficiency and sensory ecology of acoustic predators.

10aauditory10adetection distance10aforaging10ahearing10aprey detection10asensory ecology1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aGreif, S.1 aSiemers, B., M. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.019596https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01959602589nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260002000218300001600238490000800254520170300262653003501965653003602000653001902036653003302055653002002088100002502108700002102133700002202154700002202176700001702198856012002215 2013 eng d a0022-094900aThe simple ears of noctuoid moths are tuned to the calls of their sympatric bat community0 asimple ears of noctuoid moths are tuned to the calls of their sy cFeb-04-20132149 a3954 - 39620 v2163 a

nsects with bat-detecting ears are ideal animals for investigating sensory system adaptations to predator cues. Noctuid moths have two auditory receptors (A1 and A2) sensitive to the ultrasonic echolocation calls of insectivorous bats. Larger moths are detected at greater distances by bats than smaller moths. Larger moths also have lower A1 best thresholds, allowing them to detect bats at greater distances and possibly compensating for their increased conspicuousness. Interestingly, the sound frequency at the lowest threshold is lower in larger than in smaller moths, suggesting that the relationship between threshold and size might vary across frequencies used by different bat species. Here, we demonstrate that the relationships between threshold and size in moths were only significant at some frequencies, and these frequencies differed between three locations (UK, Canada and Denmark). The relationships were more likely to be significant at call frequencies used by proportionately more bat species in the moths' specific bat community, suggesting an association between the tuning of moth ears and the cues provided by sympatric predators. Additionally, we found that the best threshold and best frequency of the less sensitive A2 receptor are also related to size, and that these relationships hold when controlling for evolutionary relationships. The slopes of best threshold versus size differ, however, such that the difference in threshold between A1 and A2 is greater for larger than for smaller moths. The shorter time from A1 to A2 excitation in smaller than in larger moths could potentially compensate for shorter absolute detection distances in smaller moths.

10aallotonic frequency hypothesis10aconstant-frequency echolocation10ahorseshoe bats10apredator–prey interactions10asensory ecology1 aHofstede, H., M. ter1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aRatcliffe, J., M.1 aHolderied, M., W.1 aSurlykke, A. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.093294https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.09329402214nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001600212300001600228490000800244520146400252653002101716653001801737653001201755653002501767653001901792100002101811700001501832700001701847856012001864 2008 eng d a0022-094900aComparing passive and active hearing: spectral analysis of transient sounds in bats0 aComparing passive and active hearing spectral analysis of transi cMar-06-2009 a1850 - 18580 v2113 a

n vision, colour constancy allows the evaluation of the colour of objects independent of the spectral composition of a light source. In the auditory system, comparable mechanisms have been described that allows the evaluation of the spectral shape of sounds independent of the spectral composition of ambient background sounds. For echolocating bats, the evaluation of spectral shape is vitally important both for the analysis of external sounds and the analysis of the echoes of self-generated sonar emissions. Here, we investigated how the echolocating bat Phyllostomus discolor evaluates the spectral shape of transient sounds both in passive hearing and in echolocation as a specialized mode of active hearing. Bats were trained to classify transients of different spectral shape as low- or highpass. We then assessed how the spectral shape of an ambient background noise influenced the spontaneous classification of the transients. In the passive-hearing condition, the bats spontaneously changed their classification boundary depending on the spectral shape of the background. In the echo-acoustic condition, the classification boundary did not change although the background- and spectral-shape manipulations were identical in the two conditions. These data show that auditory processing differs between passive and active hearing: echolocation represents an independent mode of active hearing with its own rules of auditory spectral analysis.

10abackground noise10acall analysis10ahearing10aperceptual constancy10aspectral shape1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aHubner, M.1 aWiegrebe, L. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.017715https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01771500471nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176300001200245490000700257100002400264700002000288856004100308 1970 eng d00aThe Mechanics of Stridulation in Bush Crickets (Tettigonioidea, Orthoptera) II. Conditions for Resonance in the Tegminal Generator0 aMechanics of Stridulation in Bush Crickets Tettigonioidea Orthop a507-5170 v521 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aBroughton, W.B. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4785300405nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001400207490000800221100002500229856004100254 1984 eng d00aA particle velocity microphone for the song of small insects and other acoustic measurements0 aparticle velocity microphone for the song of small insects and o a459–4630 v1081 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4785202149nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001200197490000700209520171200216100002001928700002601948856004101974 1972 eng d00aOrientation to Calling Song by Female Crickets, Scapsipedus Marginatus (Gryllidae)0 aOrientation to Calling Song by Female Crickets Scapsipedus Margi a335-2520 v563 a

1. Video-tape recordings of the orientation behaviour of female crickets Scapsipedus marginatus in response to the calling song of conspecific males demonstrate that turning and locomotion of the animal toward a target are determined by the sensory information received before the movement is initiated and are unaffected by auditory input received during movement, i.e. the control system is an open-loop type.

2. Sound location comes about through the animals' ability to turn toward the sound source. The probability of turning in the correct direction is maximal when the sound source lies in the lateral quadrant with respect to the longitudinal body axis, and it is symmetric about the perpendicular to the body axis.

3. The correlation between the angle of the turning response and that of the direction of the sound stimulus is very small. Animals tend to make smaller turns when the target angle is less than 60° than when it is greater than 60°. Sound which is incident from the posterior direction elicits larger turns than sound which is incident from the anterior direction. Thus, the cricket can tell whether sound is coming from the forward or backward direction and respond accordingly.

4. One-eared animals usually turn toward the intact ear in response to auditory stimulation. The orientation behaviour therefore depends on a comparison of stimuli incident at the two ears. This result contradicts the findings of Regen who claims that one-eared animals can locate a sound source.

5. The leg movements demonstrated by video close-ups of single turns show varying patterns. The pattern postulated by Autrum, however, is not among these.

1 aMurphey, R., K.1 aZaretsky, Malcolm, D. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4785001375nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001200246490000800258520092300266100002301189856004101212 1987 eng d00aThe Efficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species, Gryllotalpa Australis and Teleogryllus Commodus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)0 aEfficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species Gryllotalp a107-1190 v1303 a

1. Males of Gryllotalpa australis (Erichson) (Gryllotalpidae) and Teleogryllus commodus (Walter) (Gryllidae) produced their calling songs while confined in respirometers.

2. G. australis males used oxygen during calling at a mean rate of 4.637 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 27.65 mW of metabolic energy, which was 13 times higher than the resting metabolic rate. T. commodus males used oxygen during calling at a rate of 0.728 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 4.34 mW, which was four times the resting metabolic rate.

3. The sound field during calling by males represents a sound power output of 0.27 mW for G. australis and l.51 × l0.3 mW for T. commodus.

4. The efficiency of sound production was 1.05% for males of G. australis and 0.05% for males of T. commodus. Comparison with other insect species suggests that none is more than a few percent efficient in sound production.

1 aKavanagh, Mark, W. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4784501503nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001100237490000800248520105800256100002601314856004101340 1986 eng d00aWarm-Up and Stridulation in the Buschcricket, Hexacentrus Unicolor Serville (Orthoptera, Conocephalidae, Listroscelidinae)0 aWarmUp and Stridulation in the Buschcricket Hexacentrus Unicolor a97-1090 v1263 a

The morphology of the stridulatory organ of the tropical bushcricket Hexacentrus unicolor is described and an investigation is made of stridulatory movements and muscle activities.

    1. The song is produced by extremely fast stridulatory movements (320–415 Hz), during which, while closing the wings, a highly specialized file is brought into contact with the plectrum to produce sound. The muscles are activated with the same frequency, i.e. they work synchronously (neurogenic).

    2. A few minutes before the stridulation starts, the muscles are activated in a similar rhythm to that pertaining during singing (pattern of spike trains and pauses). As a result, the thorax temperature increases considerably (up to approximately 37°C, 13–15°C higher than the ambient temperature). The frequency of the muscle potentials within the spike trains rises during warm-up. There are, however, indications that no phase displacement of antagonistically working muscles takes place.

1 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4784202432nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260002000268300001600288490000800304520158900312653001801901653002501919653001201944653001201956653002201968653002301990100002002013700001902033700001802052856012002070 2013 eng d a0022-094900aMaintaining acoustic communication at a cocktail party: heterospecific masking noise improves signal detection through frequency separation0 aMaintaining acoustic communication at a cocktail party heterospe cOct-24-20132050 a4655 - 46650 v2163 a

We examined acoustic masking in a chirping katydid species of the Mecopoda elongata complex due to interference with a sympatric Mecopoda species where males produce continuous trills at high amplitudes. Frequency spectra of both calling songs range from 1 to 80 kHz; the chirper species has more energy in a narrow frequency band at 2 kHz and above 40 kHz. Behaviourally, chirper males successfully phase-locked their chirps to playbacks of conspecific chirps under masking conditions at signal-to- noise ratios (SNRs) of −8 dB. After the 2 kHz band in the chirp had been equalised to the level in the masking trill, the breakdown of phase-locked synchrony occurred at a SNR of +7 dB. The remarkable receiver performance is partially mirrored in the selective response of a first-order auditory interneuron (TN1) to conspecific chirps under these masking conditions. However, the selective response is only maintained for a stimulus including the 2 kHz component, although this frequency band has no influence on the unmasked TN1 response. Remarkably, the addition of masking noise at 65 dB sound pressure level (SPL) to threshold response levels of TN1 for pure tones of 2 kHz enhanced the sensitivity of the response by 10 dB. Thus, the spectral dissimilarity between masker and signal at a rather low frequency appears to be of crucial importance for the ability of the chirping species to communicate under strong masking by the trilling species. We discuss the possible properties underlying the cellular/synaptic mechanisms of the ‘novelty detector’.

10aambient noise10aauditory interneuron10ainsects10akatydid10anovelty detection10aselective encoding1 aSiegert, M., E.1 aRömer, Heiner1 aHartbauer, M. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.089888https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.08988803493nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007000041210006500111300001200176490000800188520307700196100002503273700001303298856004803311 1998 eng d00aSound radiation by the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii0 aSound radiation by the bladder cicada iCystosoma saundersiii a701-7150 v2013 a

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm. 

The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17. 

The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5. 

Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system.

The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal.

An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aYoung, D uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/5/70102469nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004200087300001200129490000800141520212500149100002502274856004802299 1987 eng d00aThe Tuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets0 aTuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets a383-4090 v1283 a

During burrow digging by the mole cricket Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hubbard, the burrow is enlarged and shaped in a series of digging cycles, each lasting 1–2min, and song chirps are produced after every cycle. The song becomes up to 18 dB louder and acoustically purer during burrow building. The shape of the song pulse envelope changes so that its average power density becomes greater and its build-up and decay become more gradual.

The forewings show a single resonance of the harp (Cu 1 cell) regions at 2.5-3.0 kHz: the normal song carrier frequency is 2.5-2.7kHz. Removal of the outer parts of the forewings does not affect the radiated sound power.

The singing burrow has an exponential horn opening at the soil surface and an internal bulb. The calculated cut-off frequency of the horn is 1–34 kHz and that of the first resonance is 2.5-2.7 kHz. The volume of the bulb is close to that required to tune the throat: obliteration of the burrow bulb causes a substantial decrease in the radiated sound pressure levels before singing ceases.

The horn mouth acts as a finite sound source, with large acoustic reactance. The acoustics of the burrow were measured with a small doublet source inserted at the position at which the cricket sings. At this position, the burrow resonates at 2.75-3 kHz, with a quality factor (Q), measured both by the - 3 dB bandwidth and by the build-up and decay of tone bursts, of 2.5-2.7. The sound pressure produced by the doublet source is up to 24 dB louder when it is in the burrow than when it is in free air. Further in or out from the insect's singing position, the effective gain of the burrow is reduced and other resonances and anti-resonances are observed. Obliteration of the burrow bulb reduces the effective gain of the burrow by 6–10 dB and the burrow ceases to resonate at 2.75 kHz.

It is proposed that the tuned burrow acts as a resistive load on the vibrating harps, so allowing good coupling between the small wings and the surrounding medium while allowing a pure carrier frequency to be radiated.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/128/1/38302330nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001300209300001100222490000700233520169200240653001201932653002201944653001201966653001201978653002701990653001002017100001802027700001402045856004102059 1966 eng d a0022-094900aThe neuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).0 aneuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets Orthoptera G c1966 Aug a151-640 v453 a

Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of
explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of
neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro-
muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them-
selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators
have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans.
Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity
underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood
(Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is
mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working
independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University
of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic
differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing
& Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so
nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia
(Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns
producing stridulation in four species of field crickets. Since the work of the two
authors was carried out independently, non-overlapping experiments will be initialled
to indicate the investigator.

10aAnimals10aElectrophysiology10ainsects10amuscles10aneuromuscular junction10asound1 aBentley, D, R1 aKutsch, W uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/1721302759nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006000041210005800101300001200159490000800171520236000179100002502539700001302564856004802577 1992 eng d00aA MODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS0 aMODEL OF THE MECHANISM OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN CICADAS a123-1530 v1733 a

1. Dried cicada bodies of the species Cyclochila australasiae and model cicadas made from a miniature earphone driving a plastic cavity were used to study the acoustics of sound production in male cicadas.

2. A model cicada with shape and dimensions similar to those of the abdomen of a male C. australasiae resonates at the natural song frequency of the species (4.3 kHz). The abdominal air sac of C. australasiae also resonates at frequencies close to the natural song frequency when excited by external sounds. In an atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas, the resonant frequency is lowered in keeping with the decrease in velocity of sound in the CFC gas.

3. At the model's resonant frequency, the driving earphone dissipates more electrical power with the cavity attached than without the cavity. The cavity of the model cicada acts as a narrow-band acoustic acceptance filter, tuned to the natural song frequency.

4. When the miniature earphone emits brief clicks, mimicking those produced by the natural tymbal mechanism, the model cicada produces sound pulses that vary in duration and shape according to the number and timing of the clicks. A coherent train of two or three resonant clicks results in a long slowly-decaying sound pulse similar to that in the natural song.

5. The natural song frequency can be predicted from the dimensions of the abdominal cavity and the tympana in C. australasiae using a simple equation for the resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator. This equation also predicts the song frequency of Macrotristria angularis and Magicicada cassini, but it fails with the low-frequency song of Magicicada septendecim. This discrepancy can be accounted for by the unusually thick tympana of M. septendecim, which tend to lower the resonant frequency of the system.

6. We conclude that the abdomen of male cicadas forms a Helmholtz resonator, the components of which are the large air sac as the cavity and the tympana as the neck of the resonator. We suggest that cicada sound production depends on the coupling of two resonators, that of the tymbal and that of the abdominal air sac, from which sound is radiated through the tympana. The coupled resonator system would produce the long sound pulses required for stimulating a sensitive sharply tuned auditory organ.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aYoung, D uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/173/1/12301298nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117300001000186490000700196520087700203100002401080700001901104856004101123 1977 eng d00aAcoustic Orientation in the Cricket Teleogryllus Oceanicus (Le Guillou)0 aAcoustic Orientation in the Cricket Teleogryllus Oceanicus Le Gu a61-750 v673 a

New information is presented on acoustic orientation in crickets following a comparison between as species with a discontinuous song pattern, Scapsepidus maginatus (Murphet & Zaretsky, 1972) and one with a continuous osng pattern, Teleogrylluys oceanicus. The females acuity for side discrimination is ±10° from the body axis whereas total phonokinetic response shows a greater degree of error. Females can scan their turn angle to target angles beneath 60°. Error is expressed in terms of information loss through the total behavioural sequence. The cricket does not orient while moving, requires no fixed leg position during the stop for effective orientation and can establish source direction on the basis of at least two syllables. Evidence of differential anterioir and posterior tympanic membrane function is suggested.

1 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aThomson, Peter uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/1720400468nas a2200109 4500008004100000245014800041210006900189300001000258490000800268100002200276856006000298 1985 eng d00aTemperature Coupling and ‘Trade-Off’ Phenomena in the Acoustic Communication System of the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer (Gryllidae)0 aTemperature Coupling and TradeOff Phenomena in the Acoustic Comm a17-350 v1141 aDoherty, John, A. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/114/1/17.article-info01376nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001400184490000800198520092600206100002601132700002001158856006401178 1994 eng d00aSound production and hearing in the pyralid moth Symmoracma minoralis0 aSound production and hearing in the pyralid moth Symmoracma mino a101–1110 v1873 a

Males of the moth Symmoracma minoralis (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae) were observed producing a high-intensity calling song (95 dB SPL at a distance of 10 cm) with a complex amplitude and frequency modulation (peaks of carrier frequency at 60 and 120 kHz). This sound is produced by a hitherto unknown type of sound organ located in the last abdominal (genital) segment, which may act as a tymbal. The observed directionality of sound output is probably achieved by means of a hollow cone surrounding the sound organ. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the tympanal organs of S. minoralis are most sensitive in the frequency range from 50 to at least 100 kHz, which is distinctly higher than the minimum threshold levels in most other moths yet examined. The origin of genital sound production is discussed with respect to abdominal pheromone glands and pheromone-releasing movements.

1 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard1 aKrahe, Rüdiger uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/187/1/101.full.pdf00372nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007000041210006600111300001200177490000700189100002500196856004100221 1970 eng d00aThe Mechanism and Efficiency of Sound Production in Mole Crickets0 aMechanism and Efficiency of Sound Production in Mole Crickets a619-6520 v521 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/12689