01368nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001200220490000800232520077800240100003201018700002201050856013801072 1987 eng d a0036-807500aBat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropical Katydids0 aBat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropic cFeb-10-1987 a64 - 670 v2383 a

Insectivorous bats have influenced the development of antipredator behavior in moths, green lacewings, crickets, and mantids; until recently, such adaptations were unknown in katydids. Foliage-gleaning bats in Panama can use the female-attracting, airborne calling songs of nocturnal katydids to locate prey. They also feed heavily on these insects. Katydid species sympatric with these bats exhibit markedly reduced calling song duty cycles. Males supplement shortened songs with complex, species-specific tremulations that generate vibrations that are inaudible to bats but reach conspecific females through a shared plant substrate. Female katydids do not call audibly but are also preyed on in large numbers, perhaps as a result of moving toward calling males.

1 aBelwood, Jacqueline, Janine1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.6402143nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245007900054210006900133260001600202300001400218490000700232520164000239100002101879700001901900856006601919 1987 eng d a0003347200aAcoustic cues for female choice and male competition in Tettigonia cantans0 aAcoustic cues for female choice and male competition in Tettigon cJan-06-1987 a887 - 9000 v353 a

Song of the bush cricket Tettigonia cantans were analysed, and synthetic song models constructed, to reproduce both the natural variation in the song parameters and the modified spectral balance (high-frequency attenuation) seen after songs are transmitted through the natural habitat. In the laboratory, song models were replayed to female insects in a series of two-choice trials and the phonotactic response was used as the criterion for song preference. Controlling single variables in the models showed that females orientated preferentially to lower-pitched songs, louder songs and models with a relatively louder high-frequency content. Further trials confirmed song frequency to be an important cue and demonstrated spectral balance to be a more effective stimulus than intensity per se. Song models replayed in the field to established (‘territorial’) singing males produced different behavioural responses depending on the song frequency. To low-pitched songs, males were more likely to reduce their singing activity and move away from the sound source. High-pitched song often resulted in an increase in the singing rate and an approach to the loudspeaker. A model without the high-frequency band elicited no detectable response, the subject continuing to sing normally from the same perch. These results support the hypothesis that the spectral balance of the song can be used for range determination. The poor correlation between the measured song variables and morphology suggests that song in this species advertises the status of the male rather than other single attributes such as size or weight.

1 aLatimer, William1 aSippel, Martin uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728780124001375nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001200246490000800258520092300266100002301189856004101212 1987 eng d00aThe Efficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species, Gryllotalpa Australis and Teleogryllus Commodus (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)0 aEfficiency of Sound Production in Two Cricket Species Gryllotalp a107-1190 v1303 a

1. Males of Gryllotalpa australis (Erichson) (Gryllotalpidae) and Teleogryllus commodus (Walter) (Gryllidae) produced their calling songs while confined in respirometers.

2. G. australis males used oxygen during calling at a mean rate of 4.637 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 27.65 mW of metabolic energy, which was 13 times higher than the resting metabolic rate. T. commodus males used oxygen during calling at a rate of 0.728 ml O2 h−1, equivalent to 4.34 mW, which was four times the resting metabolic rate.

3. The sound field during calling by males represents a sound power output of 0.27 mW for G. australis and l.51 × l0.3 mW for T. commodus.

4. The efficiency of sound production was 1.05% for males of G. australis and 0.05% for males of T. commodus. Comparison with other insect species suggests that none is more than a few percent efficient in sound production.

1 aKavanagh, Mark, W. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/4784502575nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001400216490000700230520211800237100001702355856006902372 1987 eng d00aA Comparative Study of Mating Behaviour in Some Neotropical Grasshoppers (Acridoidea)0 aComparative Study of Mating Behaviour in Some Neotropical Grassh cDec-01-1987 a265 - 2960 v763 a

Aspects of premating and mating behaviour in several South American grasshopppers (Acridoidea) are described and compared. Examples of communication by acoustical, visual and chemical means are given.

Acoustic signals are emitted only by species of the subfamilies Gomphocerinae, Acridinae, Romaleinae and Copiocerinae. Each subfamily has distinct sound-producing mechanisms, and the songs occur in different behavioural contexts. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae the sexes recognize and attract each other by species-specific songs produced by a femuro-tegminal stridulatory mechanism. In contrast, Romaleinae produce a simple song by rubbing the hindwings against the forewings. These songs are similar in different species and no attraction of females could be demonstrated, but the behaviour may function in male-male interaction and during copulation. Sexual pheromones also play a role in this subfamily. Acoustic activity during copulation has been observed in Aleuasini (Copiocerinae), but its function is still unclear.

No sound production at all exists in the Leptysminae, Rhytidochrotinae, Ommatolampinae, Melanoplinae, Proctolabinae and Bactrophorinae, but conspicuous movements of hindlegs (kneewaving) and antennae were observed. In some species these form part of a soundless courtship display.

Ecological constraints have little influence on the basic mating strategies: romaleine, gomphocerine and melanopline grasshoppers often coexist in various habitats, but show the divergent behaviour patterns characteristic of their respective subfamilies. Intrinsic factors of female reproductive physiology seem to be more important: a hormonally controlled reproductive cycle in gomphocerine females provides for only few short copulations, while romaleine females copulate frequently and longer. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae, receptive females are rare (male-biased operational sex ratio) which leads to intense competition among males. It is hypothesized that this could be responsible for the high diversification of song and courtship patterns in these subfamilies.

1 aRiede, Klaus uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.1987.76.issue-401022nas a2200109 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177260003000246520057000276100002500846856004100871 1987 eng d00aFactors in the reproductive isolation between Dociostaurus curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis0 aFactors in the reproductive isolation between iDociostaurus curv aChichesterbEllis Horwood3 a

From a well-documented study of two sympatric sibling species of singing gomphocerine grasshoppers, Perdeck (1958) reached the surprisng conclusion that reproductive isolation between them resulted almost exclusively from differences in acustic behavior. In the present work, comparison of the sibling gomphocerine grasshoppers D. curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis revealed ecographical, temporal, ethological, structural and cytological differences which could account for failure of the species to interbreed.

1 aBlondheim, Syril, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/1725601068nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179300001000248490000700258520051500265100002300780700002500803700002200828700001900850856004100869 1987 eng d00aEl aparato estridulador de Gryllus fulvipennis Blachard: algunos alcances bioacousticos y morfologicos (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)0 aEl aparato estridulador de iGryllus fulvipennisi Blachard alguno a43-480 v233 a

The stridulatory apparatus of Gryllus fulvipennis is described based on light microscopy and SEM. Audiospectrography analysis of the song calls of this species is presented; each one of the chirps is composed of 4 or 3 syllables. The initial syllabes is shorter than the other, and its duration is ca 16 ms, the range of frequency is shorter too. The regularity and constancy of the pattern of syllabes from chirps, support the presumption that the friction is only in one direction.

1 aAngulo, Andres, O.1 aValdivieso, Humberto1 aBaldeig, Juan, G.1 aOyarzo, Hector uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/1724300258nas a2200097 4500008004100000245002900041210002900070260001500099100000500114856004100119 1987 eng d00aFeeling a bit of a chirp0 aFeeling a bit of a chirp c1987-06-191 a uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/id/node/1724101712nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260001600226300001300242490000800255520120200263100001701465700002401482856004801506 1987 eng d a0340-759400aSeparate localization of sound recognizing and sound producing neural mechanisms in a grasshopper0 aSeparate localization of sound recognizing and sound producing n cJan-01-1987 a95 - 1010 v1613 a

In the two acridid species Chorthippus parallelus and Ch. montanus, the sound template by which females recognize male song varies with temperature, as does the song itself. At relatively high temperatures the females respond best to simulated songs with high syllable frequencies, and at lower temperatures songs with lower syllable frequencies are preferred.

The temperature around the supraesophageal and metathoracic ganglia of female grasshoppers was monitored by implanted thermocouples, and either the head or the thorax was warmed selectively while the animal was free to move (within the imits of the wires). Then simulations of the conspecific song varying in syllable frequency corresponding to different song temperatures were presented, and the stridulatory responses of the animals were observed.

The results were as follows. 1. Song recognition (in particular, the position of the peak of the response curve) depended on the temperature of the head. 2. The rate of stridulatory hindleg movement was determined by the temperature of the thoracic ganglia.

This result provides strong evidence against the genetic coupling hypothesis.

1 aBauer, Maria1 avon Helversen, Otto uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0060945802469nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004200087300001200129490000800141520212500149100002502274856004802299 1987 eng d00aThe Tuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets0 aTuned Singing Burrow of Mole Crickets a383-4090 v1283 a

During burrow digging by the mole cricket Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hubbard, the burrow is enlarged and shaped in a series of digging cycles, each lasting 1–2min, and song chirps are produced after every cycle. The song becomes up to 18 dB louder and acoustically purer during burrow building. The shape of the song pulse envelope changes so that its average power density becomes greater and its build-up and decay become more gradual.

The forewings show a single resonance of the harp (Cu 1 cell) regions at 2.5-3.0 kHz: the normal song carrier frequency is 2.5-2.7kHz. Removal of the outer parts of the forewings does not affect the radiated sound power.

The singing burrow has an exponential horn opening at the soil surface and an internal bulb. The calculated cut-off frequency of the horn is 1–34 kHz and that of the first resonance is 2.5-2.7 kHz. The volume of the bulb is close to that required to tune the throat: obliteration of the burrow bulb causes a substantial decrease in the radiated sound pressure levels before singing ceases.

The horn mouth acts as a finite sound source, with large acoustic reactance. The acoustics of the burrow were measured with a small doublet source inserted at the position at which the cricket sings. At this position, the burrow resonates at 2.75-3 kHz, with a quality factor (Q), measured both by the - 3 dB bandwidth and by the build-up and decay of tone bursts, of 2.5-2.7. The sound pressure produced by the doublet source is up to 24 dB louder when it is in the burrow than when it is in free air. Further in or out from the insect's singing position, the effective gain of the burrow is reduced and other resonances and anti-resonances are observed. Obliteration of the burrow bulb reduces the effective gain of the burrow by 6–10 dB and the burrow ceases to resonate at 2.75 kHz.

It is proposed that the tuned burrow acts as a resistive load on the vibrating harps, so allowing good coupling between the small wings and the surrounding medium while allowing a pure carrier frequency to be radiated.

1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/128/1/38300522nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260001600247300001400263490000800277100001900285700002400304856004800328 1987 eng d a0340-759400aResponse properties of prothoracic, interganglionic, sound-activated interneurons in the cricketTeleogryllus oceanicus0 aResponse properties of prothoracic interganglionic soundactivate cJan-01-1987 a681 - 6930 v1611 aAtkins, Gordon1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00605009