@article {58433,
	title = {Ethology of the cricket Endecous (Endecous) chape Souza-Dias \& de Mello, 2017 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) I: Agonistic and reproductive behavior},
	journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {193-201},
	chapter = {193},
	abstract = {<p>The mating behaviors of crickets, especially those related to agonistic encounters and oviposition, are poorly known. For example, only 10 of the 1005 valid species of Phalangopsidae have been studied to some extent. Here, we describe the reproductive behavior of Endecous (Endecous) chape, characterizing the actions involved in agonistic encounters, mating behaviors (female attraction, pair-formation, courtship, mating, and post-copulatory behavior), and oviposition. We recorded and timed agonistic, mating, and oviposition behaviors in staged trials. The male-male interactions of E.chape ranged in aggressiveness from low intensity (only antennal interaction) to high intensity (reciprocal fights). In the mating behavior, males courted females through antennation of the females\&rsquo; abdomen and cerci, followed by production of acoustic signals (with the exception of two males). Copulation occurred with females positioned above males (as is typical of Phalangopsidae), with an average elapsed time of 684.13 s, which is shorter than in other Phalangopsidae. We observed oviposition behavior only when three gravid females were placed together in an arena. Here, we contribute new knowledge of phalangopsid cricket behavior and provide useful information for understanding the evolution of reproductive behaviors. New characters described here can be used in phylogenetic analysis and for future studies about sexual selection and natural history.</p>
},
	keywords = {aggressiveness, ethology, Luzarinae, mating behavior, Parque Nacional do Igua{\c c}u},
	doi = {10.3897/jor.27.29687},
	author = {Marcos Fianco and Pedro Guilherme Barrios de Souza-Dias and Fernando de Farias-Martins and Suzana Magro and Victor Mateus Prasniewski and J{\'e}ssica Ricci and Edison Zefa and Neucir Szinwelski}
}
@article {47619,
	title = {Observations of the biology and inlmature stages of the sandgroper Cylindraustralia kochii (Saussure), with notes on some congeners (Orthoptera: Cylindrachetidae)},
	journal = {Records of the Western Australian Museum},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2007},
	month = {Jan-01-2007},
	pages = {219},
	abstract = {<p>Field and laboratory observations of Cylindraustralia kochii are presented with notes on some congeners. Nymphs and adults create galleries in moist soil by compression of the soil with their powerful fore legs, burrowing to depths of up to 1.9 m. During the cooler months and 1ñ2 days after rain, sandgropers commonly burrow long distances close to the soil surface producing conspicuous raised trails. Adults and nymphs of various sizes were found throughout the year. Eggs and early immatures of the genus (and family) are described for the first time. Pedicellate eggs of C. kochii were suspended singly in closed chambers 40ñ190 cm deep in moist soil. A ëlarvalí stage hatches from the egg and moults to a first instar nymph while still in the egg chamber. Five nymphal instars are indicated by morphometric and morphological data. Eggs are laid from autumn to spring but hatching was only observed in mid summer. A duration of at least 12 months is indicated for first instar nymphs, so the complete life cycle may extend over several years. Examination of gut contents revealed that sandgropers are omnivorous, consuming a wide array of plant, fungal and arthropod material. Plant food included root, stem, leaf, flower and seed tissue. Cannibalism occurred in one very dense population of C. kochii. Otherwise, no insect predators or parasitoids were encountered. Associated organisms included gregarines and Amoeba (Protista) in the intestines, rhabditid nematodes in the genital chambers of adults, and six species of mesostigmatid and astigmatid mites which adhered externally to the body. Nymphs and adults produce an odorous, probably defensive secretion from a pair of abdominal glands.</p>
},
	keywords = {ecology, ethology, parasites, subterranean insects},
	issn = {0312-3162},
	doi = {10.18195/issn.0312-3162.23(3).2007.219-234},
	url = {http://museum.wa.gov.au/research/records-supplements/records/observation-biology-and-immature-stages-sandgroper-cylindraustr},
	author = {Houston, Terry F.}
}
