@article {58449, title = {DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA}, journal = {Behaviour}, year = {2001}, abstract = {In the phaneropterine bushcricket Phaneroptera nana both males and females sing, producing a duet. The male{\textquoteright}s song is answered by a short female {\textquoteright}tick{\textquoteright}. A male that receives a response in a defined interval after the end of his chirp usually initiates phonotaxis toward the female. Measurements of temporal, spectral, and energy characters of male chirps indicate that individual males vary considerably in several temporal song characters. Females exhibited equivalent response rates to solitary singing males in laboratory trials regardless of their song characters. However, when simultaneously presented with two singing males, females showed consistent preferences: They responded preferentially to relatively longer chirps produced by larger males. Male chirp rate had no influence on female response, suggesting that females were not influenced by a summation of acoustic input integrated over multiple chirps. Rather, female {\textquoteright}decisions{\textquoteright} to respond were probably made following individual chirps. The selective responses exhibited by Ph. nana females contradict some previous expecta- tions that females in duet signalling systems should be indiscriminate. Selectivity may reflect the reliability with which females can assess male song at a distance and potential disadvantages of attracting multiple suitors. Laboratory trials indicated that only males receiving a high female response rate actually approach and mate with the female. Thus, this duet signalling system may be relatively resistant to intraspecific exploitation.}, author = {Eran Tauber and Dan Cohen and Michael D. Greenfield and Meir Paul Pener} } @article {58050, title = {A method for determining relative activity of free flying bats using a new activity index for acoustic monitoring}, journal = {Acta ChiropterologicaActa Chiropterologica}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {93-105}, abstract = {

A new activity index for acoustical bat data is presented. The AI acoustical activity index) was highly correlated to bat passes but proved to be a less biased index of activity. The method dispenses with the need to define, identify and count bat passes and provides a simple means to quantify activity. This method uses the Anabat system where acoustic surveys are carried out in real time with the data saved directly to a computer hard drive, taking advantage of the date-time information encoded into each file. The method is based upon the presence absence of a species occurrence during one-minute time intervals and avoids inflating an index of activity that may reflect the behavior of the species sampled. Examples are given showing that the AI is an effective measure of bat activity allowing comparisons between sites, times and species.

}, keywords = {acoustic activity index, acoustic monitoring, AI, Anabat, bat pass, Chiroptera, echolocation, relative abundance, relative activity}, author = {Miller, Bruce W.} } @book {58011, title = {A Dictionary of Entomology}, year = {2001}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, address = {Wallingford, UK}, author = {G. Gordh and D. H. Headrick} } @article {57620, title = {Mechanisms of frequency-specific responses of ω neuron 1 in crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus): a polysynaptic pathway for song?}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

In crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus), the auditory interneuron \ω neuron 1 (ON1) responds to sounds over a wide range of frequencies but is most sensitive to the frequency of conspecific songs (4.5 kHz). Response latency is longest for this same frequency. We investigate the mechanisms that might account for the longer latency of ON1 to cricket-like sounds. Intracellular recordings revealed no evidence for appropriately timed postsynaptic inhibition of ON1 that might increase its latency, nor was latency affected by picrotoxin. The onset of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was delayed for 4.5 kHz stimuli compared with ultrasound stimuli, pointing to a presynaptic locus for the latency difference. When ON1 is stimulated with high frequencies, discrete, apparently unitary EPSPs can be recorded in its dendrite, and these are latency-locked to spikes recorded simultaneously in the auditory nerve. This suggests that input to ON1 from high-frequency-tuned auditory receptor neurons is monosynaptic. In agreement with this, brief ultrasound stimuli evoke a single, short-latency EPSP in ON1. In contrast, the EPSP evoked by a brief 4.5 kHz stimulus consists of an early component, similar in latency to that evoked by ultrasound and possibly evoked by ultrasound-tuned receptors, and a later, dominant component. We interpret the early peak as arising from a monosynaptic afferent pathway and the late peak from a polysynaptic afferent pathway. Multiple-peak EPSPs, with timing similar to those evoked by sound stimuli, were also evoked by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.

}, keywords = {audition, auditory interneuron, cricket, excitatory postsynaptic potential, Insect, monosynaptic pathway, omega neuron 1 (ON1), polysynaptic pathway, song, Teleogryllus oceanicus}, author = {Faulkes, Z and Gerald S. Pollack} } @article {48158, title = {GRYLLUS CAYENSIS N. SP. (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), A TACITURN WOOD CRICKET EXTIRPATED FROM THE FLORIDA KEYS: SONGS, ECOLOGY AND HYBRIDS}, journal = {The Florida Entomologist}, volume = {84}, year = {2001}, pages = {700-705}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

Gryllus cayensis, new species, formerly occurred in tropical hammocks in the Florida Keys but has not been found there since 1972, the initial year of aerial spraying of north Key Largo hammocks for mosquito control. It is now known only from pineland in Everglades National Park. Males of G. cayensis make no ordinary calling songs, but some caged males occasionally produce soft 3-4 pulse chirps with a principal frequency of nearly 11 kHz. Males of its sister species, G. fultoni (Alexander), which occurs in north Florida, call with loud 2-4 pulse chirps with a principal frequency of about 4.5 kHz.

}, keywords = {calling song, Gryllus cayensis, Gryllus fultoni, hybridization, phylogeny}, author = {Thomas J. Walker} } @article {47774, title = {Is cricket courtship song condition dependent?}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {62}, year = {2001}, month = {Jan-11-2001}, pages = {871 - 877}, abstract = {

Females of the Texas trilling field cricket, Gryllus texensis, show mating preferences based on male courtship song. To test experimentally the condition dependence of courtship song, we attempted to manipulate male condition via the diet. When the diet was manipulated at the adult moult, there was no effect on subsequent male courtship song or male condition measured as residual mass. When the diet was manipulated three moults prior to the adult moult, there was a significant effect on male residual mass, but no differences in courtship song were observed. To gain a second measure of condition in the diet-manipulated-as-nymphs group, we extracted their fat using petroleum ether in a refluxing Soxhlet apparatus. Crickets reared on the poor diet showed a clear relationship between the residual mass measure of condition and condition measured as energetic fat reserve, whereas the two measures of condition were unrelated in crickets reared on the good diet. Courtship song was unrelated to diet, fat reserve or residual mass. We conclude that courtship song does not reflect male condition in the laboratory despite its energetic cost. When given a mating opportunity it is probably in the evolutionary interest of males in poor condition to signal at as high a rate as males in good condition.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1006/anbe.2001.1825}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347201918251}, author = {Gray, David A. and Eckhardt, Gillian} } @inbook {40322, title = {Communication and Reproductive Behaviour in North American Jerusalem Crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae)}, booktitle = {The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies}, year = {2001}, pages = {351-375}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, chapter = {19}, address = {Wallingford, United Kingdom}, issn = {0851994083}, author = {David B. Weissman} } @article {17207, title = {Acoustics of a small Australian burrowing cricket: the control of low-frequency pure-tone songs.}, journal = {J Exp Biol}, volume = {204}, year = {2001}, month = {2001 Aug}, pages = {2827-41}, abstract = {

For most insects, size determines the call frequency. This paper describes the acoustics of a small brachypterous cricket (Rufocephalus sp.; body length 9.6 mm) producing a call with a carrier frequency of approximately 3.2 kHz from a subterranean burrow. Crickets such as Gryllus campestris are approximately twice this length and produce a call frequency close to 5 kHz. The burrow of Rufocephalus opens via a small hole with a diameter of 3.2 mm. The neck of the hole at approximately 1.4 mm depth opens to a vertical two-part burrow with an upper vase-shaped chamber 16.1 mm in height with a diameter of 9.4 mm. This top chamber connects via a 6.4mm high (diameter 5.2 mm) neck to a more irregular chamber approximately 18 mm high with a width of approximately 11 mm. The walls of the top chamber neck and of the upper part of the lower chamber are smooth and appear to be sealed with saliva. The song has a mean centre frequency of 3.2 kHz and is made up of variable-length trills of pulses of mean duration 15.8 ms. Many song pulses had smooth envelopes and their frequency did not vary by more than +/-40Hz from the centre frequency, with a relative bandwidth Q-3dB of over 50. Other pulses showed considerable amplitude and frequency modulation within the pulse. When driven by external sound, burrows resonated at a mean frequency of 3.5 kHz with a mean quality factor Q of 7.4. Natural-size model burrows resonated at similar frequencies with similar Q values. One cricket, which had previously called from its own burrow at 2.95 kHz, sang at 3.27 kHz from a burrow that resonated at the same frequency. Life-size model burrows driven by external sound resonated at similar frequencies to the actual burrows; models three times life size resonated at one-third of this frequency. In all models, the sound pressure was more-or-less constant throughout the top chamber but fell rapidly in the neck of the burrow; the phase of the sound was effectively constant in the top chamber and neck and fell through approximately 180 degrees in passing from the neck into the lower chamber. A numerical model of the sound flow from region to region gave essentially similar results. A resonant electrical model fed from a high-impedance source with discrete tone bursts at different frequencies showed similar amplitude and frequency modulation to the various types of song pulses that were observed. It is suggested that the high purity of the songs results from close entrainment of the sound-producing mechanism of the insect\&$\#$39;s wings to the sharply resonant burrow.

}, keywords = {acoustics, animal vocalization, Animals, Australia, environment, Gryllidae}, issn = {0022-0949}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/204/16/2827.long}, author = {Winston J. Bailey and H. C. Bennet-Clark and Fletcher, N H} } @inbook {16836, title = {Australian King Crickets: Distribution, Habitats and Biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)}, booktitle = {The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies}, year = {2001}, pages = {79-94}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, chapter = {5}, address = {Wallingford, United Kingdom}, author = {Geoffrey B. Monteith and Laurence H. Field} } @inbook {16815, title = {Stridulatory Mechanisms and Associated Behaviour in New Zealand Wetas}, booktitle = {The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and their Allies}, year = {2001}, pages = {271-295}, publisher = {CABI}, organization = {CABI}, chapter = {15}, address = {Wallingford, United Kingdom}, issn = {0851994083}, doi = {10.1079/9780851994086.0000}, author = {Laurence H. Field} } @article {16470, title = {Divergence between the Courtship Songs of the Field Crickets Gryllus texensis and Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae)}, journal = {Ethology}, volume = {107}, year = {2001}, month = {May-12-2003}, pages = {1075 - 1085}, issn = {0179-1613}, doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00730.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00730.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046\%2Fj.1439-0310.2001.00730.x}, author = {Fitzpatrick, Mark J. and Gray, David A.} } @book {16464, title = {Acoustic communication in two groups of closely related treefrogs}, volume = {30}, year = {2001}, pages = {99 - 167}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Studies of vocal behavior in anurans provide significant insights about the mechanisms and evolution of animal communication. Females extract the information required for a mating decision from relatively stereotyped advertisement calls that are produced by males. Aggressive signals, used in exchanges between males, are more variable in form, as might be expected of communication between rivals, but overall, their structure is more similar in closely related species than is that of advertisement calls. One open question is why, within the groups of treefrogs considered in this review, aggressive signaling is so prevalent in some species and rare or absent in close relatives.

Comparative studies of the acoustic criteria used in signal selection reveal significant differences among species. What are important properties for one species are seemingly irrelevant for its closest relative. Moreover, as exemplified by gray treefrogs and European katydids, even when females apparently base preferences on the same acoustic property, deeper analysis reveals that different mechanisms are used by each species to extract a different aspect of that property. In several of the treefrog species considered in this review, some preferences and preference-mechanisms are more divergent than call structure (Sections II.E and III.E). More research with additional species is needed before we can even attempt to make broad generalizations about the coevolution of signalers and receivers in animal communication systems.

Communication usually takes place in acoustically difficult situations: dense choruses, where background noise presents special challenges for signal detection and pattern recognition. Although they can quantify acoustic preferences, playback experiments in simplified laboratory situations are unlikely to accurately predict patterns of mate choice in nature. Studies with species in the green and gray treefrog groups show that the optimum values of particular acoustic properties can vary depending on the absolute playback level to which alternatives are equalized, the relative playback levels of alternatives, the number of sounds presented and their timing relationships, and the ambient temperature. Comparable results are available for other anurans and acoustic insects. Technology that allows researchers to monitor groups of calling males, whose signals and mating success can be quantified, promises to refine our estimates of how female selectivity contributes to mate choice in nature (e.g., Passmore et al., 1992; 156 and 157).

Studies of geographical variation in communication systems are limited because we know so little about patterns of variation in receiver selectivity. Even where acoustic properties have diverged in sympatric areas relative to allopatric areas, and hence show the pattern expected of reproductive character displacement, we often do not always know whether these properties are even relevant to females. A few studies have shown that female selectivity diverges in sympatric areas, whereas signal structure does not, a result that may reflect the fact that the choosing sex usually has more to lose from mating mistakes than the signaling sex. I predict, however, that studies of geographical variation in the acoustic criteria and selectivity of receivers will ultimately provide significant insights concerning the evolution of communication systems that will go well beyond the narrow issue of reproductive character displacement.

}, isbn = {9780120045303}, issn = {00653454}, doi = {10.1016/S0065-3454(01)80006-1}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065345401800061}, author = {Gerhardt, H. Carl} }