02060nas a2200181 4500008004100000022002500041245010400066210006900170260001600239300001200255490000700267520147400274100002701748700001801775700002201793700002001815856004301835 2009 eng d a1082-6467, 1937-242600aThe Elaborate Courtship Behavior of Stenobothrus clavatus Willemse, 1979 (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)0 aElaborate Courtship Behavior of Stenobothrus clavatus Willemse 1 cDec-01-2009 a171-1820 v183 a

The elaborate courtship behavior of the gomphocerine grasshopper Stenobothrus clavatus, endemic to a few mountains in Greece, incorporates acoustic signalling and visual display elements to prime the conspecific female. The courtship song, produced by rubbing hind legs against an elytral vein, can be divided into four consecutive phases. The basic movements of phases I, II and IV consist of simple up and interrupted downstrokes, with sound produced during the downstroke only. In contrast, phase III is characterized by a fast sound-producing elevation of the femora, a kick of the tibiae and other visual display elements, such as a fast raising of the antennae with their dark spatulate tips during each movement cycle. The latter is strongly pronounced and therefore a characteristic feature of this species.

The stridulatory file of each hind leg consists of two parts. The proximal part bears a double row of little pegs, whereas the pegs in the distal part are regularly aligned in a single row. The proximal part of the stridulatory file is incorporated in sound production only during phase III. However, frequency spectra from different sound elements produced during phase III were similar. Nevertheless, differences are found between phase I/II and phase III/IV, which are ascribed to variations in contact pressure of the stridulatory file against the forewing, rather than to different portions of the stridulatory file being involved.

1 aOstrowski, Tim, Daniel1 aSradnick, Jan1 aStumpner, Andreas1 aElsner, Norbert uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1665/034.018.020602285nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001200215490000700227520178100234100002302015700002602038700002602064856004902090 1995 eng d00aChorus structure in tarbush grasshoppers: inhibition, selective phonoresponse and signal competition0 aChorus structure in tarbush grasshoppers inhibition selective ph a279-5940 v503 a

In species where sexually advertising males signal in groups, the timing of an individual's signals relative to those of neighbours may be a critical aspect of mating success. Temporal signal interactions and their relation to female attraction were examined in the tarbush grasshopper, Ligurotettix planum. The acoustic signals of neighbouring L. planum males form a crudely alternating chorus. Alternation within male pairs is effected by an (inhibitory resetting) mechanism that causes a male to refrain from calling for at least a 1·8-s interval beginning 0·2s after the onset of a neighbour's call. This mechanism is not equally applied to all neighbours. Rather, males are selectively inhibited by only their nearest one or two neighbours, whereas more distant, but audible, callers are ignored. Males also time their calls to occur shortly before calls at the ends of predictable recurring silent intervals. Consequently, males do not decrease their calling rates in high population density, and they compete effectively for females. Phonotaxis in L. planum females is characterized by preference for leading calls, a psychoacoustic feature that would select for timng mechanisms that avert the production of following calls in males. The inhibitory resetting mechanism averts such calls. Moreover, because males are only inhibited by nearest neighbours, their strongest competitors, they can avoid producing unattractive following calls and still maintain normal calling rates. By calling at the ends of silent intervals, males may actively compete with neighbours via ‘attempting’ to relegate the neighbours' calls to ineffective, from the neighbour's perspective, time intervals following the focal male's call.

1 aL.Minckley, Robert1 aD.Greenfield, Michael1 aK.Tourtellot, Michael uhttps://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80121-901857nas a2200145 4500008004100000245015900041210006900200520126800269653003301537653002701570653002801597653001601625100002201641856004801663 1993 eng d00a‘Absolute steepness’ of ramps as an essential cue for auditory pattern recognition by a grasshopper (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Chorthippus biguttulus L.)0 aAbsolute steepness of ramps as an essential cue for auditory pat3 a

Male grasshoppers of the species Chorthippus biguttulus react to female songs with a characteristic turn towards the female. The probability of turning towards female song models was used to evaluate those parameters which are essential for a signal to be interpreted as female song.

1. The shape of sound pulses turned out to be most decisive; pulses with ramps rising gradually over 3 and more ms were efficient (Figs. 2, 3), whereas rectangularly modulated pulses evoked only weak responses and only when pulse intervals were between 3 and 5 ms (Fig. 2). The decline of a pulse did not influence its efficiency (Fig. 3). In particular, pulses with sudden onsets and gradual declines were as weakly effective as rectangularly modulated ones and thus remarkably less effective than pulses with ramp-like onsets (Fig. 4).

2. Intensity tuning curves suggest, that the absolute steepness of ramps (expressed as μbar/ms) is detected by the grasshopper nervous system (Figs. 6, 7), possibly by processing the delay in excitation onset of at least two receptor types differing in threshold sensitivity.

3. The sawtooth shape of pulses in female signals is suggested to be adaptive with respect to directional hearing.

10aAcoustic pattern recognition10aChorthippus biguttulus10aEnvelope of soundpulses10aGrasshopper1 avon Helversen, D. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0021368501634nas a2200109 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168520107300237100001901310700001301329856018201342 2004 eng d00aAutomated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognitionAbstract0 aAutomated identification of fieldrecorded songs of four British 3 a

Recognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70–100% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.

1 aChesmore, E.D.1 aOhya, E. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485304000331/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S000748530400033101910nas a2200181 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114520135500183653001001538653001101548653002901559653001101588653001301599100002001612700002101632700002001653856005501673 2014 eng d00aMechanical basis of otoacoustic emissions in tympanal hearing organs0 aMechanical basis of otoacoustic emissions in tympanal hearing or3 a

Tympanal hearing organs of insects emit dis- tortion–product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAes), which in mammals are used as indicator for nonlinear cochlear amplification, and which are highly vulnerable to manipu- lations interfering with the animal’s physiological state. Although in previous studies, evidence was provided for the involvement of auditory mechanoreceptors, the source of DPOAe generation and possible active mechanisms in tympanal organs remained unknown. Using laser Dop- pler vibrometry in the locust ear, we show that DPOAes mechanically emerge at the tympanum region where the auditory mechanoreceptors are attached. Those emission- coupled vibrations differed remarkably from tympanum waves evoked by external pure tones of the same frequency, in terms of wave propagation, energy distribution, and loca- tion of amplitude maxima. Selective inactivation of the auditory receptor cells by mechanical lesions did not affect the tympanum’s response to external pure tones, but abol- ished the emission’s displacement amplitude peak. These findings provide evidence that tympanal auditory recep- tors, comparable to the situation in mammals, comprise the required nonlinear response characteristics, which during two-tone stimulation lead to additional, highly localized deflections of the tympanum.

10aDPOAE10aInsect10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMöckel, Doreen1 aNowotny, Manuela1 aKössl, Manfred uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-014-0914-201444nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006500041210006500106520072400171653002400895653002900919653001200948653002900960653001300989100001901002700002501021700002001046700002201066700001901088856013101107 2014 eng d00aEnergy localization and frequency analysis in the locust ear0 aEnergy localization and frequency analysis in the locust ear3 a

Animal ears are exquisitely adapted to capture sound energy and perform signal analysis. Studying the ear of the locust, we show how frequency signal analysis can be performed solely by using the structural features of the tympanum. Incident sound waves generate mechanical vibrational waves that travel across the tympanum. These waves shoal in a tsunami- like fashion, resulting in energy localization that focuses vibrations onto the mechanosensory neurons in a frequency-dependent manner. Using finite element analysis, we demonstrate that two mechanical properties of the locust tympanum, distributed thickness and tension, are necessary and sufficient to generate frequency-dependent energy localization.

10aenergy localization10afrequency discrimination10atension10atravelling flexural wave10atympanum1 aMalkin, Robert1 aMcDonagh, Thomas, R.1 aMhatre, Natasha1 aScott, Thomas, S.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2013.0857https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2013.085702554nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116520185900185653001702044653004502061653001202106653002902118653001102147653001302158100001702171700002602188700002602214856012002240 2011 eng d00aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum0 aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust ty3 a

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

10abioacoustics10adistortion-product otoacoustic emissions10ahearing10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMoir, H., M.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aWindmill, James, F.C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05646502286nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007100041210006700112520188600179100002002065700001502085700002302100856004102123 1989 eng d00aThe neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects0 aneuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects3 a

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

1 aHoy, Ronald, R.1 aNolen, Tom1 aBrodfuehrer, Peter uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5766801894nas a2200217 4500008004100000245019700041210006900238520108100307653002601388653002001414653002801434653001701462653002201479653002401501653002001525653002001545653000901565100003101574700002201605856004901627 2019 eng d00aNew data on acoustic signals of Stauroderus scalaris (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from different local populations with a note about its parasite from the genus Blaesoxipha (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)0 aNew data on acoustic signals of Stauroderus scalaris Orthoptera 3 a

Calling acoustic signals of Stauroderus scalaris males are described for the first time, the oscillograms from Samarskaya Luka and the Republic of Tuva are published. Comparative analysis of parameters of calling signals of this species from different discrete populations (Western Europe, South Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) was carried out. High degree of acoustic conservatism of sound signals of the dark-winged grasshopper is shown for the entire area. Moreover, a parasite fly of orthopteran insects, Blaesoxipha redempta, is reported for the first time on the territory of Samarskaya Luka (Zhiguli State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Bakhilova Polyana settlement). It is the first find of a representative of the genus Blaesoxipha in the reserve, emerged from a S. scalaris male specimen. Photographs of genital apparatus of the male fly specimen are given; it is well distinguished from closely related species by the shape of cerci and phallus. Possible infection strategy of the parasitic fly concerning acoustically active orthopteran hosts is discussed.

10aacoustic conservatism10acalling signals10adark-winged grasshopper10afirst record10ainvasion strategy10aorthopteran insects10aparasitic flies10aSamarskaya Luka10aTuva1 aBenediktov, Alexander, А.1 aBelyaev, Oleg, A. uhttp://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/17700888nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001400250490000700264520043900271100001500710856004100725 2012 eng d00aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species0 aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerina a127–1390 v233 a

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

1 aMol, Abbas uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5355200888nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001400250490000700264520043900271100001500710856004100725 2012 eng d00aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species0 aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerina a127–1390 v233 a

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

1 aMol, Abbas uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5355000888nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001400250490000700264520043900271100001500710856004100725 2012 eng d00aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey with description of a new species0 aSong and morphology of some little known species of Gomphocerina a127–1390 v233 a

Morphology and acoustic signals of four species of the subfamily Gompho- cerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Turkey are studied. Eremippus zeybekoglui Mol sp. n. is described from Northern Anatolia. Gomphocerus transcaucasicus Mistshenko, 1951, stat. n. is considered as a distinct species, not a subspecies of Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767). Previously unknown male of Dasypippus uvarovi Karabag, 1953 is described.

1 aMol, Abbas uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5355101911nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260001600235520126000251653002701511653001601538653001801554653001601572653002501588100002601613700002301639856005501662 2018 eng d a0340-759400aThe impact of age and egg-laying cycle on female grasshoppers’ preference functions for acoustic signals0 aimpact of age and egglaying cycle on female grasshoppers prefere cJan-12-20183 a

Female responsiveness and the shape of preference functions for male signal traits are important determinants for male mating success. We observed the responsiveness and the selectivity of virgin grasshopper females (Chorthippus biguttulus L.) for different features of males’ acoustic signals throughout their life span to detect possible influences of age on the females’ preference functions. In particular, we explored the hypothesis that the females may become less selective with increasing age and, therefore, would start to accept songs that are normally rejected. Such an age effect could relieve the selection pressure on male signal traits. In the majority of animals tested, the general responsiveness decreased with age although a few individuals exhibited an opposite trend. Contrary to the above expectation, there was no indication of a loss of selectivity in older females or an increased acceptance of normally unattractive song models. The timing within the oviposition cycle had a strong effect on responsiveness: near oviposition the general responsiveness increased and with it also the half width of the preference functions. However, highly unattractive song models remained unattractive also near oviposition.

10aacoustic communication10aAge effects10aFemale choice10aOviposition10aPreference functions1 aAufderheide, Jennifer1 aRonacher, Bernhard uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-018-1307-801128nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245016500054210006900219260002000288300001200308490000800320520040900328653002100737653001400758653001700772653001600789653001500805653001200820653001200832100002300844856003100867 2018 eng d a1026051X00aNote on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epacromius and Platypygius (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from Russia and adjacent territories0 aNote on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epac cJun-16-20182071 a21 - 240 v3703 a

Acoustic courtship of males of three species, Epacromius pulverulentus, E. tergistinus and Platypygius crassus from Russia (Southern Siberia) and Ukraine (Cis-Azov Region), are described and illustrated by oscillograms at the first time. There are two types of stridulation: tegmina-femoral (all species) and tibia-tegminal (E. tergistinus). Calling signals for these species are not recognized.

10aacoustic signals10aAcrididae10agrasshoppers10aOedipodinae10aOrthoptera10aSiberia10aUkraine1 aBenediktov, А.А. uhttp://www.biosoil.ru/FEE/00415nas a2200109 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147300001200216100001700228700001900245856004100264 1975 eng d00aInsect territoriality and its evolution: population studies of desert grasshoppers on creosote bushes0 aInsect territoriality and its evolution population studies of de a29–541 aOtte, Daniel1 aJoern, Anthony uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5313902551nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260001600229300001400245490000800259520199200267100002102259700002802280856008502308 1989 eng d a0005-795900aSatellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers0 aSatellites and Transients Ecological Constraints On Alternative  cJan-01-1989 a200 - 2200 v1093 a

Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.

1 aShelly, Todd, E.1 aGreenfield, Michael, D. uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853989x0023101848nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260001600238300000800254490000900262520129900271100001901570700001901589700001201608856005801620 2018 eng d a1175-532600aDescription of a new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Fujian, China0 aDescription of a new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn 192 cMay-04-2019 a3870 v44103 a

A new species of the genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Fujian, China is described in this paper. The new species Mongolotettix.fujianensis sp. nov. is similar to M. wulingyuanensis Shi, Liu et Li, 2016, but differs from the latter by maximum width of cubital area 1.4 times maximum width of medial area in tegmina of male; body small, length of body ♂ 21.5. mm, ♀ 30.6 mm; vertical diameter eye 1.3 times horizontal diameter in male; hind femur of male with 103 stridulatory pegs on inner side and epiphallus with indistinct projection on inner side of lateral plates. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
The genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 obtains 12 species distributed Far Eastern Asian countries, including China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia [Bolívar, 1898; Uvarov, 1914; Caudell, 1921; Chogsomzhav, 1974; Li et Lian, 1994; Wan, Ren et Zhang, 1998; Xie et Li, 2000, Kim et Kim 2005; Shi et al, 2016; Shi et al, 2017; Yin et al, 2017; Zheng et al, 2017; Cigliano et al, 2018]. In the present paper, we describe a new species of the genus from China. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.

1 aChen, Shen-Zhi1 aSHI, JIAN-PING1 aDai, Li uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4410.200422nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156300001200225490000600237100002800243856004100271 2017 eng d00aMorphological observations on a gynandromorph of Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1764) (Orthoptera Acridiidae)0 aMorphological observations on a gynandromorph of Anacridium aegy a827-8320 v81 aAldini, Rinaldo, Nicoli uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5276501759nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018500055210006900240260001600309300001400325490000700339520095800346653001401304653001601318653001701334653001601351653001501367653002101382100001601403700001501419700001801434856006501452 2010 eng d a1125-000300aSound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from the Iberian Peninsula: Jacobsiella imitans and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aSound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from th cSep-12-2010 a443 - 4520 v773 a

In this study, which was conducted with captive specimens kept in wooden cages and separated by sex, the sounds produced by Jacobsiella imitans (Brunner, 1882) and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Ebner, 1941) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) are described. Sounds were recorded with a digital audio tape recorder; the signal was digitized and then analysed with the Avisoft® software. Two types of sound, both produced by stridulation, were recorded in these species: an interaction song, produced when specimens are disturbed by others, and a courtship song, emitted by males when mounting another individual in trying to copulate. In both species, females are mute. Data concerning the time and frequency domains of these sounds are presented. The behaviour observed by both species in nature and that displayed when interacting with other individuals and during courtship are described. The role of song as an isolation mechanism is discussed.

10abehaviour10aJacobsiella10aLeptopternis10aOedipodinae10aOrthoptera10asound production1 aLarrosa, E.1 aGarcia, M.1 aPresa, J., J. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1125000090345783001023nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001400210490000700224520056000231100001900791700001400810700001200824856004100836 2017 eng d00aA new species of Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 from Henan, China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Acrididae)0 anew species of Mongolotettix Rehn 1928 from Henan China Orthopte a103–1060 v283 a

The grasshopper genus Mongolotettix Rehn, 1928 contains 9 species that are distributed in Far Eastern Asian countries of China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia (Bolívar 1898, Uvarov 1914, Caudell 1921, Bei-Bienko & Mishchenko 1951, Chogsomzhav 1974, Li & Lian 1994, Yin et al. 1996, Wan et al. 1998, Xie & Li 2000, Yin, Xia et al. 2003, Yin, Zhang et al. 2003, Yin et al. 2004, Kim& Kim2005, Huang et al. 2010, Eades et al. 2016, Shi et al. 2016). In the present paper, we describe a new species of the genus from China.

1 aYin, Xiang-Chu1 aJi, Li-Li1 aDai, Li uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5074200561nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210007000157260001600227300001400243490000700257100002300264700002200287856010600309 2010 eng d a1519-566X00aEl comportamiento acústico de Fenestra bohlsii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)0 aEl comportamiento acústico de Fenestra bohlsii GiglioTos Orthopt cJan-01-2010 a839 - 8530 v391 aLorier, Estrellita1 aPresa, Juan José uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2010000600001&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es01227nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153300001400222490000700236520072200243100002300965700002200988856007101010 2003 eng d a0037-927100aSound production in Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)0 aSound production in iParapellopedon instabilisi Rehn 1906 Orthop a335 - 3420 v393 a

The sounds produced by Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906), are described for the first time on the basis of recordings made, in captivity, with an analogical tape recorder. The signals were digitized in the laboratory and analyzed using a software. Three types of song are described: the male calling song, typical of the gomphocerinae species, the female’s agreement song, less organized temporally and unusually loud for a gomphocerinae species, and disturbance songs among males and among females, which follow the typical structure of these signals in the subfamily. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of all songs are given. The stridulatory file of both sexes, male and female, are described.

1 aLorier, Estrellita1 aPresa, Juan José uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00379271.2003.1069739101377nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245006900055210006600124260001600190300001400206490000800220520088100228100002301109700002201132856006501154 2002 eng d a0008-347X00aAcoustic behavior of Metaleptea adspersa (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aAcoustic behavior of Metaleptea adspersa Orthoptera Acrididae cJan-02-2002 a113 - 1230 v1343 a

The sounds produced by Metaleptea adspersa (Blanchard 1843) were recorded in captivity with an analogical tape recorder. The signal was digitized in the laboratory and studied with a software. Three types of sound were described: copulation, rivalry, and crepitation. All three sounds were produced only by males. The frequency of the sounds occupied a broadband, from 3–4 to 16 kHz, although the main peak frequency for each type of song differed. We also studied the structures involved in sound production. Copulation and rivalry songs were produced by the rubbing of the subcostal, radial, medial, and cubital 1 veins of the hind wing against the subcostal and radial veins of the tegmen; the enlarged cubital area of the hind wing acted as a resonator. Crepitation sound was produced by the cubital area of hind wing when its expanded membrane became taut.

1 aLorier, Estrellita1 aPresa, Juan José uhttp://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0008347X0000608800376nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114300001400183490000700197100002100204856004100225 1952 eng d00aEcological studies on solitary Acrididae in England and South Africa0 aEcological studies on solitary Acrididae in England and South Af a165–2030 v151 aChapman, Kenneth uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5071201122nas a2200109 4500008004100000245017200041210006900213300001400282520066200296100001300958856004100971 1996 eng d00aSong, sex and synonymy: the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acridinae) and synonymy of the subfamily Truxalinae under the subfamily Acridinae0 aSong sex and synonymy the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus Orth a125–1293 a

The subfamilies Truxalinae and Acridinae are discussed. Acrida maxima Karny 1907 restored to species status from synonymy under Acrida turrita (L. 1758). The subfamily Truxalinae cannot be sustained as a separate taxon and is synonymised under the subfamily Acridinae since on grounds of male epiphallic morphology, femoral stridulatory apparatus and wing venation there is no means of clearly differentiating it from the Acridinae. The decision is supported by examples of functional anatomy from Chromotruxalis Dirsh 1951, Acrida Linnaeus 1758, Truxalis Fabricius 1775, Truxaloides Dirsh 1951, Acridarachnea I.Bolivar 1908, and Chromacrida Dirsh.

1 aJago, ND uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5070900881nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260001600192300001400208490000800222520035200230100001700582856014800599 1970 eng d00aNotes on the biology of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Sierra Leone0 aNotes on the biology of grasshoppers Orthoptera Acridoidea in Si cJan-07-1970 a317 - 3490 v1613 a

An account is given of the habitat, seasonal occurrence, breeding biology and food of 103 species of Acridoidea in Sierra Leone. Some comparisons are made between East African and Sierra Leone populations, a relation is indicated between size and number of annual generations and food is considered in relation to habitat and head length.

1 aPhipps, John uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb04516.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1970.tb04516.x00479nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148300001300217490000700230100001600237700002000253856007200273 1982 eng d a0374-944400aNotes on, and a Check-List of Acridoidea (Saltatoria) Collected in Somalia (East Africa)0 aNotes on and a CheckList of Acridoidea Saltatoria Collected in S a69 - 1190 v161 aJohnsen, P.1 aSchmidt, G., H. uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00269786.1982.1175855900310nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004000041210003900081300001200120490000600132100002000138856004200158 1977 eng d00aGrasshoppers of South-east Botswana0 aGrasshoppers of Southeast Botswana a139-1430 v91 aHouston, J.F.T. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/40979517 01713nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260001600235300000800251490000700259520123500266100001701501856004901518 1972 eng d a0004-959X00aCommunicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian grasshoppers (Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae)0 aCommunicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian gr cJan-01-1972 a1390 v203 a

Communicative behaviour of nine species of Australian grasshoppers (seven Oedipodinae and two Gomphocerinae) is described and compared to North American and European species. Most signal types are represented in all three continents. Most similarities between the three groups are probably due to the retention of characteristics present in common ancestors. Other similarities evidently are convergent (i.e. arose independently in each continent); these include: (1) loss of femoro-tegminal stridulation in several species; (2) changes in the function of signals from one communicative context to another; (3) the ritualization of kicking movements (i.e. the evolution of signals from non-communicative kicking movements) ; (4) the evolution of specialized flight sounds in the Gomphocerinae. Female attracting flight displays are performed by relatively few Australian Oedipodinae. Characteristics of an individual that are closely associated with behaviour or physiological states of that individual and that are relevant to the activities or wellbeing of other individuals have a greater probability of becoming signals (becoming ritualized) than movements that occur in many situations (i.e. that are unpredictable).

1 aOtte, Daniel uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=ZO972013901511nas a2200133 4500008004100000245015500041210006900196300001000265490000800275520101100283100001801294700002401312856004101336 2009 eng d00aA re-examination of the taxonomy of the Chorthippus albomarginatus group in Europe on the basis of song and morphology (Orthoptera: Acrididae).0 areexamination of the taxonomy of the iChorthippus albomarginatus a65-970 v1523 a

A study of European sibling species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus group shows that the males could be well distinguished on the basis of the number and density of the stridulatory pegs. We recorded and analysed the calling and courtship songs of the males, as well as the stridulatory movements of the hind legs. Analysis of the stridulatory leg movements allowed us to reveal more differences between both the courtship songs and the calling songs of the European species of this group. On the basis of the morphology, calling and courtship song analysis, we describe a new species, Ch. ferdinandi sp. n., from Greece (Peloponnesus) and a new subspecies, Ch. oschei pusztaensis ssp. n., from the Balkans, Hungary, Moldova and Ukraine. Ch. bruttius Fontana & La Greca, 1999 is classified as a subspecies of Ch. karelini. We describe the phylogenetic relations between the European species of the Ch. albomarginatus group based on the courtship song complexity and courtship visual display.

1 aVedenina, YU.1 avon Helversen, Otto uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5052402782nas a2200289 4500008004100000245017800041210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520179900325653002102124653002202145653003202167653001402199653002402213653002802237653002102265653002702286100002202313700001802335700001602353700001602369700001902385700001902404856006902423 2005 eng d00aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two naturally hybridizing grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence betwe cJan-05-2005 a703 - 7120 v183 a

Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase (PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi , two species of grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg number ( n e ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL ( n e ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL ( n e ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86). On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses.

10aadditive effects10adominance effects10aeffective number of factors10aepistasis10amosaic hybrid zones10aquantitative trait loci10asexual selection10awavelet transformation1 aSadamando, C., I.1 aMiyaguchi, S.1 aTatsuta, H.1 aKishino, H.1 aBridle, J., R.1 aButlin, R., K. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-303469nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245012300054210006900177260001600246300001200262490000600274520295200280100002603232856006503258 1958 eng d a0003347200aStridulation and associated behaviour in certain orthoptera. 2. Stridulation of females and their behaviour with males0 aStridulation and associated behaviour in certain orthoptera 2 St cJan-01-1958 a27 - 420 v63 a

1. The stridulation of females and their behaviour in relation to males was studied comparatively in the following species of Truxalinae: Stenobothrus lineatus (Panzer); Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus); Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt); and Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) (= C. bicolor Charp.).

2. Descriptions of the “typical behaviour” of females in response to normal song are given. This behaviour is similar in all species and consists of three phases: response stridulation, orientation towards and locomotion to the male. Arrived near the male, the female stridulates in response to mate song; the male, on noticing the female, sings the courtship song, engages the genitalia and copulation ensues. Females showing such typical behaviour are said to be in the “responsive state”.

3. This responsive state in females of the four species appears at maturation, is inhibited for periods up to 24 hours prior to oviposition, is regained shortly afterwards and is lost some days prior to death. Complete copulation involving the transfer of a spermatophore also inhibits the responsive state in the females; if the latter are isolated after copulation, they regain their responsiveness in a period of from 6–20 days dependent on the species. This recovery is delayed or prevented if the females are kept after copulation with males or within the sound of male normal song.

4. The responsive state is characterised in most females of all four species by the emission of stridulation in response to male normal song. In all cases, the movements of the hind femora of a female emitting this stridulation are very similar to those of a male of the same species singing the normal song. In the case of S. lineatus, O. viridulus and C. brunneus, audible sounds are emitted by the females, which in the case of the latter two species show marked affinity to male normal song. Physical analyses of these sounds are presented. Females of C. parallelus, being brachypterous, emit no sound while making stridulation movements of the hind femora.

5. It is postulated that the discrimination mechanism responsible for distinguishing between various specific songs is closely linked to the inherited motor mechanism which causes typical stridulation in both sexes. It is further suggested that the basic behaviour reactions of males and females to male normal song are the same, consisting of stridulation response movements, orientation and locomotion towards the male. Normally in the field, the last two phases are suppressed in males, the whole sequence in females. Isolation restores full typical behaviour in both males and females and, in the latter, stridulation is always an indicator of the return of the responsive state.

6. The observations are used to construct a possible picture of events in the field concerned with courtship and mating in the present species.

1 aHaskell, Peter Thomas uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000334725890005802087nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250490000700266520148400273653001601757653001801773653002701791653001501818100001701833856005501850 2017 eng d a0340-544300aComponents of reproductive isolation between the closely related grasshopper species Chorthippus biguttulus and C. mollis0 aComponents of reproductive isolation between the closely related cJan-04-20170 v713 a

The formation and maintenance of species in nature is accomplished by the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms. To understand patterns of speciation and coexistence between species, it is crucial to obtain a complete synopsis of reproductive isolating barriers. We identified multiple reproductive isolation barriers between two closely related species, Chorthippus biguttulus and Chorthippus mollis, and quantified their respective contributions to isolation. To this end, we produced hybrids and backcrosses in the laboratory to examine reproductive isolation at multiple stages in the life history. The prezygotic barriers, based on chemical and acoustic cues, are currently the strongest impediments to gene flow between C. biguttulus and C. mollis. This indicates an important role for sexual selection in the maintenance of species isolation. However, extrinsic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation barriers also contributed to reproductive isolation. The virtual sterility of F1 hybrid males was based on both the dysfunctionality of their testes and intermediate behavioral mating traits (behavioral sterility). This study demonstrates that a cascade of reproductive isolating mechanisms reduces the gene flow between C. biguttulus and C. mollis. Our results further demonstrate that the courtship display in these species consists of multimodal signals and indicates a key role of chemical cues in reproductive isolation and speciation in grasshoppers.

10aChorthippus10ahybridization10areproductive isolation10aspeciation1 aFinck, Jonas uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-017-2295-302575nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001600200300001400216490000700230520211800237100001702355856006902372 1987 eng d00aA Comparative Study of Mating Behaviour in Some Neotropical Grasshoppers (Acridoidea)0 aComparative Study of Mating Behaviour in Some Neotropical Grassh cDec-01-1987 a265 - 2960 v763 a

Aspects of premating and mating behaviour in several South American grasshopppers (Acridoidea) are described and compared. Examples of communication by acoustical, visual and chemical means are given.

Acoustic signals are emitted only by species of the subfamilies Gomphocerinae, Acridinae, Romaleinae and Copiocerinae. Each subfamily has distinct sound-producing mechanisms, and the songs occur in different behavioural contexts. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae the sexes recognize and attract each other by species-specific songs produced by a femuro-tegminal stridulatory mechanism. In contrast, Romaleinae produce a simple song by rubbing the hindwings against the forewings. These songs are similar in different species and no attraction of females could be demonstrated, but the behaviour may function in male-male interaction and during copulation. Sexual pheromones also play a role in this subfamily. Acoustic activity during copulation has been observed in Aleuasini (Copiocerinae), but its function is still unclear.

No sound production at all exists in the Leptysminae, Rhytidochrotinae, Ommatolampinae, Melanoplinae, Proctolabinae and Bactrophorinae, but conspicuous movements of hindlegs (kneewaving) and antennae were observed. In some species these form part of a soundless courtship display.

Ecological constraints have little influence on the basic mating strategies: romaleine, gomphocerine and melanopline grasshoppers often coexist in various habitats, but show the divergent behaviour patterns characteristic of their respective subfamilies. Intrinsic factors of female reproductive physiology seem to be more important: a hormonally controlled reproductive cycle in gomphocerine females provides for only few short copulations, while romaleine females copulate frequently and longer. In Gomphocerinae and Acridinae, receptive females are rare (male-biased operational sex ratio) which leads to intense competition among males. It is hypothesized that this could be responsible for the high diversification of song and courtship patterns in these subfamilies.

1 aRiede, Klaus uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.1987.76.issue-401275nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260001600212300001200228490000700240520078700247100001401034700002801048856005301076 1970 eng d00aACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHALA PACIFICA PACIFICA (OEDIPODINAE)0 aACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHAL cJan-03-1970 a71 - 840 v133 a

The oedipodine grasshopper Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica employs a variety of acoustic and visual signals for communication between the sexes and between members of the same sex. These signals, which are expressed in the form of stridulations and vibrations by the male or as the waving-gesture by both sexes, characterize either the premating and mating state or the state of disturbance and defence, depending on the circumstances that elicit these expressions. The occurrence and timing of copulation are dictated by the cyclic sexual receptivity and non-receptivity behaviour phases of the female. Oscillograms and spectrograms of vibration and stridulation by the male are presented. The behaviour terminology employed in grasshopper studies is critically reviewed.

1 aLoher, W.1 aChandrashekaran, M., K. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-102262nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001300041245007900054210006900133520179000202100002901992700002202021700001902043856006602062 2017 eng d a0022191000aBrain regions for sound processing and song release in a small grasshopper0 aBrain regions for sound processing and song release in a small g3 a

We investigated brain regions – mostly neuropils - that process auditory information relevant for the initiation of response songs of female grasshoppers Chorthippus biguttulus during bidirectional intraspecific acoustic communication. Male-female acoustic duets in the species Ch. biguttulus require the perception of sounds, their recognition as a species- and gender-specific signal and the initiation of commands that activate thoracic pattern generating circuits to drive the sound-producing stridulatory movements of the hind legs. To study sensory-to-motor processing during acoustic communication we used multielectrodes that allowed simultaneous recordings of acoustically stimulated electrical activity from several ascending auditory interneurons and local brain neurons and subsequent electrical stimulation of the recording site. Auditory activity was detected in the lateral protocerebrum (where most of the described ascending auditory interneurons terminate), in the superior medial protocerebrum and in the central complex, that has previously been implicated in the control of sound production. Neural responses to behaviorally attractive sound stimuli showed no or only poor correlation with behavioral responses. Current injections into the lateral protocerebrum, the central complex and the deuto-/tritocerebrum (close to the cerebro-cervical fascicles), but not into the superior medial protocerebrum, elicited species-typical stridulation with high success rate. Latencies and numbers of phrases produced by electrical stimulation were different between these brain regions. Our results indicate three brain regions (likely neuropils) where auditory activity can be detected with two of these regions being potentially involved in song initiation.

1 aBhavsar, Mit, Balvantray1 aStumpner, Andreas1 aHeinrich, Ralf uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002219101630242601022nas a2200109 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177260003000246520057000276100002500846856004100871 1987 eng d00aFactors in the reproductive isolation between Dociostaurus curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis0 aFactors in the reproductive isolation between iDociostaurus curv aChichesterbEllis Horwood3 a

From a well-documented study of two sympatric sibling species of singing gomphocerine grasshoppers, Perdeck (1958) reached the surprisng conclusion that reproductive isolation between them resulted almost exclusively from differences in acustic behavior. In the present work, comparison of the sibling gomphocerine grasshoppers D. curvicercus, D. jagoi jagoi and D. genei littoralis revealed ecographical, temporal, ethological, structural and cytological differences which could account for failure of the species to interbreed.

1 aBlondheim, Syril, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1725601816nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001000260490000700270520135100277100002501628856004101653 1972 eng d00aAcoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers, Acrotylus insubricus and A. patruelis0 aAcoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sib a17-240 v653 a

In Israel, sexually mature adults of the sibling species of grashoppers Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli) and A. patruelis (Herrich-Shaffer) occur both allopatrically and sympatrically. To distinguish between the 2 species in areas of sympatry and to help resolve their confused taxonomy, nonmorphological criteria were sought. The mating and acoustic behavior of these species and some aspects of their biology were therefore studies.

No species-specific differences in mating or acoustic behaviour were found. Stridulatory songs of the 2 species were similar for all parameters studied, as was substrate drumming, studied both as airborne sound and solidborne sound (i.e., substrate vibrations). No response to playback of either form of sound, or of substrate vibrations as such, was obtained under the conditions of our experiments.

Under identical conditions of incubation, eggs of A. patreulis hatched in a significantly hsorter time than those of A. insubricus, and gave rise to uniformly grey nymphs differing from the black-headed, light-bodied nymphs of the latter species. Under "no-choice" laboratory conditions, F1 hybrids were obtained from each of teh reciprocal parental crosses. Songs of hybrid males could not be distinguished from those of the parent species.

1 aBlondheim, Syril, A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1725500594nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001400285490000700299100002100306700001900327700001800346856007200364 1969 eng d a0031-935X00aThe Stridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.) in Relation to Temperature and Some Other Factors0 aStridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migr cJan-10-1969 a417 - 4280 v421 aBar-Ilan, A., R.1 aShulov, A., S.1 aPener, M., P. uhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/physzool.42.4.3015551300865nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182300001000251490000700261520041800268100001800686856003900704 1985 eng d00aField Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens (Orthoptera, Acrididae) On Tenerife, Canary Islands0 aField Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper iSphingon a37-420 v963 a

Males and females of the oedipodine grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens crepitate by producing a click-buzz sound. Males have 3 types of stridulation: (1 and 2) a common whistkle-click combination lasting less than 1 sec and often followed by a hop-turn or very short flight, and (3) a bussing lasting ca. 1.2 sec when 2 or more males are less than 1m apart. Male courtship behviour is described.

1 aBland, R., G. uhttp://biostor.org/reference/7703001712nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260001600226300001300242490000800255520120200263100001701465700002401482856004801506 1987 eng d a0340-759400aSeparate localization of sound recognizing and sound producing neural mechanisms in a grasshopper0 aSeparate localization of sound recognizing and sound producing n cJan-01-1987 a95 - 1010 v1613 a

In the two acridid species Chorthippus parallelus and Ch. montanus, the sound template by which females recognize male song varies with temperature, as does the song itself. At relatively high temperatures the females respond best to simulated songs with high syllable frequencies, and at lower temperatures songs with lower syllable frequencies are preferred.

The temperature around the supraesophageal and metathoracic ganglia of female grasshoppers was monitored by implanted thermocouples, and either the head or the thorax was warmed selectively while the animal was free to move (within the imits of the wires). Then simulations of the conspecific song varying in syllable frequency corresponding to different song temperatures were presented, and the stridulatory responses of the animals were observed.

The results were as follows. 1. Song recognition (in particular, the position of the peak of the response curve) depended on the temperature of the head. 2. The rate of stridulatory hindleg movement was determined by the temperature of the thoracic ganglia.

This result provides strong evidence against the genetic coupling hypothesis.

1 aBauer, Maria1 avon Helversen, Otto uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0060945800479nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006100125260001600186300001400202490000700216100002500223700002500248856006000273 1983 eng d a0033-261500a‘Protest’ Sounds of a Grasshopper: Predator-Deterrent Signal?0 aProtest Sounds of a Grasshopper PredatorDeterrent Signal cJan-01-1983 a387 - 3940 v901 aBlondheim, Syril, A.1 aFrankenberg, Eliezer uhttp://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1983/098675/abs/00410nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245005900055210005900114260001600173300001400189490000800203100001700211856004800228 1983 eng d a0340-759400aHind femora influence directionality of the locust ear0 aHind femora influence directionality of the locust ear cJan-01-1983 a509 - 5160 v1521 aAdam, L., J. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0060644002168nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016600055210006900221260001600290300001400306490000700320520155800327100001801885700002101903700002401924856005001948 2007 eng d a1010-061X00aThe unusual inheritance pattern of the courtship songs in closely related grasshopper species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)0 aunusual inheritance pattern of the courtship songs in closely re cJan-01-2007 a260 - 2770 v203 aSibling species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group are exceptional among all European grasshopper species because they have an extremely elaborate courtship behaviour. Here, we present a genetic analysis of the courtship song differences between two closely related grasshopper species Ch. albomarginatus and Ch. oschei. Measurements of seven courtship song characters and one parameter of courtship visual display were compared among parentals, F 1 and F 2 hybrids, and backcrosses. Variation in one morphological character, the number of stridulatory pegs, was studied as well. The distributions of song phenotypes were more consistent with a type-III genetic architecture, which involves complementary or duplicate pairs of loci. We suggest that this type of architecture may provide the novel elements of the hybrid songs, even more complex than the parental ones, which may offer a new starting point for sexual selection. One parameter of the visual display appeared to be controlled by a single locus, but differences in other characters of visual display could be explained by a more complex inheritance pattern. Inheritance of the peg number differences was consistent with a simple polygenic additive model. Sex linkage and/or maternal effects were not detected for any trait. We found a disproportionate influence of the Ch. albomarginatus parent on most hybrid song characteristics and the visual display, and this may support a previously suggested idea that Ch. albomarginatus is an ancestral form and Ch. oschei is a derived species.1 aVedenina, YU.1 aPanyutin, A., K.1 avon Helversen, Otto uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jeb/20/102830nas a2200121 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260004300210490000800253520230000261100002502561856012202586 1997 eng d00aIncipient Speciation In The Meadow Grasshopper, Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae).0 aIncipient Speciation In The Meadow Grasshopper Chorthippus paral aNorwich, UKbUniversity of East Anglia0 vPhD3 a

This thesis examines the evolutionary divergence between northern European and Italian populations of Chorthippus parallelus. Several differing approaches were taken, which identified the inception of various components of the speciation process between these parapatric populations which meet in the Alps.

Firstly, partial post-zygotic reproductive isolation was demonstrated using hybrid crosses. The male hybrid offspring of both reciprocal crosses were sterile, displaying severe testicular dysfunction, while the female hybrids showed no deleterious effects of hybridisation. In this grasshopper the males are the heterogametic sex, possessing a single X chromosome, and so this pattern of hybrid sterility conforms to Haldane's rule. Secondly, investigation of the calling song of the male grasshopper, a component of the mate recognition system, suggested the presence of pre-mating reproductive isolation. Males from the different races were found to sing calling song of a significantly different structure. Finally, examination of DNA sequence divergence in a mitochondrial DNA marker demonstrated Significant levels of genetic differentiation between the races. This population divergence and incipient reproductive isolation parallels that found between the north European and Iberian populations of this grasshopper, and provides further evidence that the divergent geographical races have resulted from allopatric divergence while in isolated refugial populations during the glacial periods of thePleistocene Epoch.

These approaches were repeated to investigate genetic divergence between localised populations within the Italian peninsula. No hybrid dysfunction was observed between these populations, suggesting that they are recently derived from one continuous population. This was probably the refugial population of the last ice-age. Additionally, investigation with the mtDNA marker gave preliminary evidence for population expansion from the south to the north of Italy. Interestingly, the male calling song was Significantly different in populations from the north and the south of Italy, suggesting that a component of pre-mating reproductive isolation may have evolved prior to post-mating isolation in allopatric populations of C. parallelus.

1 aFlanagan, Nicola, S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/content/incipient-speciation-meadow-grasshopper-chorthippus-parallelus-orthoptera-acrididae01955nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133520148400202100001701686700002201703856012001725 2014 eng d00aAsymmetrical integration of sensory information during mating decisions in grasshoppers0 aAsymmetrical integration of sensory information during mating de3 aDecision-making processes, like all traits of an organism, are shaped by evolution; they thus carry a signature of the selection pressures associated with choice behaviors. The way sexual communication signals are integrated during courtship likely reflects the costs and benefits associated with mate choice. Here, we study the evaluation of male song by females during acoustic courtship in grasshoppers. Using playback experiments and computational modeling we find that information of different valence (attractive vs. nonattractive) is weighted asymmetrically: while information associated with nonattractive features has large weight, attractive features add little to the decision to mate. Accordingly, nonattractive features effectively veto female responses. Because attractive features have so little weight, the model suggests that female responses are frequently driven by integration noise. Asymmetrical weighting of negative and positive information may reflect the fitness costs associated with mating with a nonattractive over an attractive singer, which are also highly asymmetrical. In addition, nonattractive cues tend to be more salient and therefore more reliable. Hence, information provided by them should be weighted more heavily. Our findings suggest that characterizing the integration of sensory information during a natural behavior has the potential to provide valuable insights into the selective pressures shaping decision-making during evolution. 1 aClemens, Jan1 aKrämer, Stefanie uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/content/asymmetrical-integration-sensory-information-during-mating-decisions-grasshoppers00793nas a2200121 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001000214490000600224520029500230100001800525856012800543 1976 eng d00aA putative hybrid in nature between Chorthippus brunneus and C. biguttulus (Orthoptera : Acrididae)0 aputative hybrid in nature between Chorthippus brunneus and C big a71-740 v13 a

The characteristics of the song and morphology of a probable natural hybrid between the two grass- hoppers Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) and C. bigurruius (L.) are described and compared with those of the parent species. The status of C. eisentrauti (Ramme) is briefly discussed.

1 aRagge, D., R. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/content/putative-hybrid-nature-between-chorthippus-brunneus-and-c-biguttulus-orthoptera-acrididae01986nas a2200241 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173300001200242490000700254520119000261653001401451653001401465653001601479653001701495653001101512653001701523653001501540653000901555653001301564100001801577700002101595856012801616 1988 eng d00aThe songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group in the Iberian Peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 asongs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus bigutt a897-9290 v223 a

The Chorthippus biguttulus group includes a number of common European species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically but are easily recognized in the field by the distinctive calling songs of the males. These song-patterns have not previously been studied in Spain and as a result the Iberian members of the group have been misidentified in almost all the extensive Spanish literature on the ecology and cytogenetics of these insects. In this study the male calling songs of all six members of the group known from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa are fully described and illustrated with oscillograms at several different speeds. The songs of the three species known only from Iberia or North Africa, jacobsi, yersini and marocanus, are fully described for the first time (marocanus is here raised in rank from subspecies). Notes on recognition, using both morphology and song, are given for each species, and two identification keys are provided, one based on morphology and the other on song. It is shown that the three species biguttulus, brunneus and mollis, previously believed to be widespread in Iberia, are absent from most of the peninsula.

10aacoustics10aAcrididae10aChorthippus10agrasshoppers10aIberia10aNorth Africa10aOrthoptera10asong10ataxonomy1 aRagge, D., R.1 aReynolds, W., J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/content/songs-and-taxonomy-grasshoppers-chorthippus-biguttulus-group-iberian-peninsula-orthoptera