02282nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011200041210006900153520178900222100002402011700002402035700002402059700002502083856004002108 2021 eng d00aBehavioral differences in sound detection in recently diverged cave and surface forms of Astyanax mexicanus0 aBehavioral differences in sound detection in recently diverged c3 a

Astyanax mexicanus, or the Mexican tetra, inhabits both surface streams and cave systems, and has subsequently developed two unique morphologies: a cave morph and a surface morph. Cave morphs of the species have evolved several troglomorphic phenotypes, including vestigial eyes, reduced pigmentation, and increased olfactory and lateral line sensitivity. Interestingly, several satellite populations of surface fish were introduced to a Texas aquifer approximately 100 years ago and, following cave colonization, rapid evolution of various sensory adaptations between the cave and surface populations have been observed. Auditory evoked potential (AEP) data was collected to compare hearing sensitivities between cave and surface satellite populations, and both populations responded to sound presentation up to 4 kHz. However, because AEPs measure action potential summation to screen for frequency sensitivities, behavioral data is needed to determine absolute hearing sensitivity. The current study examines behavioral differences in sound detection between these two populations using reflexive startle behaviors to sound, namely the “C-start” escape response, which has been shown to be a reliable means of determining neurological responses to acoustic stimuli. Based on behavioral audiograms collected on satellite three populations, San Pedro Springs (cave) and Honey Creek (surface) appear to respond more readily to acoustic stimuli and habituate at a similar rate when compared to San Antonio Zoo (surface), which appear to respond less readily and habituate faster. Differences in sound pressure thresholds, as well as stimulus-response latencies between these populations, will be determined through finer volume control and modeling sub-thresholds.

1 aKistner, Amanda, R.1 aEnriquez, Maya, S .1 aMichels, Noland, O.1 aMensinger, Allen, F. uhttps://hdl.handle.net/11299/22473202070nas a2200217 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156520134000225653005201565653001801617653000901635653002201644653001701666100002101683700001801704700002101722700002201743700002201765700002201787856004301809 2021 eng d00aIt Is Not Just a Matter of Noise: Sciaena umbra Vocalizes More in the Busiest Areas of the Venice Tidal Inlets0 aIt Is Not Just a Matter of Noise Sciaena umbra Vocalizes More in3 a

Boat noise is known to have a detrimental effect on a vulnerable Mediterranean sciaenid, the brown meagre Sciaena umbra. During summer 2019, two acoustic surveys were conducted at 40 listening points distributed within the inlet areas of Venice (northern Adriatic Sea). Two five- minute recordings were collected per each point during both the boat traffic hours and the peak of the species’ vocal activity with the aims of (1) characterizing the local noise levels and (2) evaluating the fish spatial distribution by means of its sounds. High underwater broadband noise levels were found (sound pressure levels (SPLs)50–20kHz 107–137 dB re 1 μPa). Interestingly, a significantly higher background noise within the species’ hearing sensibility (100–3150 Hz) was highlighted in the afternoon (113 ± 5 dB re 1 μPa) compared to the night (103 ± 7 dB re 1 μPa) recordings due to a high vessel traffic. A cluster analysis based on Sciaena umbra vocalizations separated the listening points in three groups: highly vocal groups experienced higher vessel presence and higher afternoon noise levels compared to the lower ones. Since the species’ sounds are a proxy of spawning events, this suggests that the reproductive activity was placed in the noisier part of the inlets.

10aanthropogenic noise passive acoustic monitoring10acoastal areas10afish10aprotected species10areproduction1 aPicciulin, Marta1 aFacca, Chiara1 aFiorin, Riccardo1 aRiccato, Federico1 aZucchetta, Matteo1 aMalavasi, Stefano uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/2/23703246nas a2200301 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179520226500248653003302513653001602546653002102562653003102583653003702614653001602651653001302667653001302680100002102693700001702714700001702731700002002748700001902768700003302787700001902820700002102839700001902860700002402879856004102903 2019 eng d00aMesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships0 aMesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic Seasonal 3 a

Mesopelagic sound scattering layers (SSL) are ubiquitous in all oceans. Pelagic organisms within the SSL play important roles as prey for higher trophic levels and in climate regulation through the biological carbon pump. Yet, the biomass and species composition of SSL in the Arctic Ocean remain poorly documented, particularly in winter. A multifrequency echosounder detected a SSL north of Svalbard, from 79.8 to 81.4°N, in January 2016, August 2016, and January 2017. Midwater trawl sampling confirmed that the SSL comprised zooplankton and pelagic fish of boreal and Arctic origins. Arctic cod dominated the fish assemblage in August and juvenile beaked redfish in January. The macrozooplankton community mainly comprised the medusa Cyanea capillata, the amphipod Themisto libellula, and the euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica in August and Thysanoessa inermis in January. The SSL was located in the Atlantic Water mass, between 200–700 m in August and between 50–500 m in January. In January, the SSL was shallower and weaker above the deeper basin, where less Atlantic Water penetrated. The energy content available in the form of lipids within the SSL was significantly higher in summer than winter. The biomass within the SSL was >12-fold higher in summer, and the diversity of fish was slightly higher than in winter (12 vs. 9 species). We suggest that these differences are mainly related to life history and ontogenetic changes resulting in a descent toward the seafloor, outside the mesopelagic layer, in winter. In addition, some fish species of boreal origin, such as the spotted barracudina, did not seem to survive the polar night when advected from the Atlantic into the Arctic. Others, mainly juvenile beaked redfish, were abundant in both summer and winter, implying that the species can survive the polar night and possibly extend its range into the high Arctic. Fatty-acid trophic markers revealed that Arctic cod mainly fed on calanoid copepods while juvenile beaked redfish targeted krill (Thysanoessa spp.). The relatively high biomass of Arctic cod in August and of redfish in January thus suggests a shift within the SSL, from a Calanus-based food web in summer to a krill-based food web during winter.

10aArctic and boreal ecosystems10aBarents Sea10aBoreogadus saida10afatty acid trophic markers10amesopelagic fish and zooplankton10aseasonality10aSebastes10aSvalbard1 aGeoffroy, Maxime1 aDaase, Malin1 aCusa, Marine1 aDarnis, Gérald1 aGraeve, Martin1 aHernández, Néstor, Santana1 aBerge, Jørgen1 aRenaud, Paul, E.1 aCottier, Finlo1 aFalk-Petersen, Stig uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5839302084nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133520153800202100002101740700002101761700002401782856015601806 2020 eng d00aSound Production and Mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass, Stereolepis gigas (Polyprionidae)0 aSound Production and Mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass Stereolepis3 a

This study provided a first detailed description of the acoustic calls and the possible sound production mechanism in the Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas). Passive acoustic (hydrophone) recordings of Giant Sea Bass sounds were made of three mature individuals (40–45 kg) held in a circular 17,000 l seawater tank isolated from other fish species. Four basic sounds plus combinations were identified from the tank recordings when fish were present and were encountered on numerous occasions throughout the study. We classified the basic sounds as two types of pulses (A and B), short bursts, and long bursts, and combinations of short and long bursts. Mean peak frequencies of the four sound types were less than 39 Hz, while mean durations ranged from 67 ms to 545 ms, depending on sound type. We also obtained and dissected two mature, adult Giant Sea Bass to describe the morphology of a putative sound production mechanism. Five putative sonic muscles were discovered between each of the first six pleural ribs of the male examined. These five massive muscles (=obliquus superioris?) unite ribs 3 to 9 and were found at the level of the deep hypaxial musculature. The identification of these sounds and accompanying sonic mechanism marks the first occurrence of sound production in the family of wreckfishes (Polyprionidae). This knowledge of the acoustic characteristics increases our ability to document the presence, activity, and possibly the abundance of this critically endangered species at spawning sites.

1 aAllen, Larry, G.1 aLadin, Emily, S.1 aRowell, Timothy, J. uhttps://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-108/issue-4/CI2020041/Sound-Production-and-Mechanism-in-the-Giant-Sea-Bass-Stereolepis/10.1643/CI2020041.full01278nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144520079600213100001801009700002501027700002001052700002001072856005201092 2020 eng d00aSablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) produce high frequency rasp sounds with frequency modulation0 aSablefish iAnoplopoma fimbriai produce high frequency rasp sound3 a

Sablefish sounds, named rasps, were recorded at two captive facilities in British Columbia and Washington State. Rasps consisted of highly variable broadband trains of 2 to 336 ticks that lasted between 74 and 10 500 ms. The 260 rasps that were measured contained frequencies between 344 and 34 000 Hz with an average peak frequency of 3409 Hz. The frequency structure of ticks within rasps was highly variable and included both positive and negative trends. This finding makes sablefish one of the few deep-sea fish for which sounds have been validated and described. The documentation of sablefish sounds will enable the use of passive acoustic monitoring methods in fisheries and ecological studies of this commercially important deep-sea fish.

1 aRiera, Amalis1 aRountree, Rodney, A.1 aAgagnier, Lucas1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/10.000107101311nas a2200241 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124520053000193653001700723653001900740653001600759653004700775653001300822653000800835653004900843653003500892653000900927100002000936700002600956700002400982700002401006856003901030 2020 eng d00aSeasonal Changes in Male Oyster Toadfish’s Response to Boatwhistle Playbacks0 aSeasonal Changes in Male Oyster Toadfish s Response to Boatwhist3 a

Opasanus tau, the Oyster Toadfish inhabits estuaries along the Atlantic coast. Males produce a short, harmonic mating call titled a 'boatwhistle' to attract females from late May to early August. A hydrophone was deployed under the dock at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole Massachusetts to passively monitor their mating behavior. An underwater speaker played boatwhistles at the toadfish at varied times throughout the day and season to determine the male response to hearing extraneous noise.

10abioacoustics10amarine biology10aopsanus tau10aSwenson College of Science and Engineering10atoadfish10aUMD10aUndergraduate Research Opportunities Program10aUniversity of Minnesota Duluth10aUROP1 aCurtis, Nora, J1 aMackiewicz, Alayna, G1 aPutland, Rosalyn, L1 aMensinger, Allen, F uhttp://hdl.handle.net/11299/21233900421nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005300041210005200094100002300146700002600169700002000195700002200215856006200237 2004 eng d00aResponse of clupeid fish to ultrasound: a review0 aResponse of clupeid fish to ultrasound a review1 aPopper, Arthur, N.1 aPlachta, Dennis, T.T.1 aMann, David, A.1 aHiggs, Dennis, M. uhttps://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/61/7/1057/87788801664nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109520114900177653009101326100002201417700002101439700002001460856005001480 2004 eng d00aSound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard0 aSound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard3 a

The acoustic repertoire of captive grey gurnard Eutrigla gurnardus during competitive feeding consisted of three types of sound: knocks, grunts and growls. Knocks were audible as a single sound, whereas grunts and growls were perceived as longer, pulsed sounds to the human ear. Typically, knocks were composed of 1–2 pulses, grunts of 4–8 pulses and growls >10 pulses. Growls were longer and had shorter pulse periods than grunts. All sound types had peak frequencies of c. 500 Hz. The sequences of behaviours observed during feeding interactions suggest that grey gurnard obtain food both by scramble and contest tactics. Competing fish emitted knocks mainly while grasping a food item and also during other non‐agonistic behaviour, suggesting that knock production may reflect a state of feeding arousal but could also serve as a warning of the forager's presence to nearby competitors. Grunts were mainly emitted during frontal displays, which were the most frequent behavioural act preceding grasps, suggesting that they may play a role in deterring other fish from gaining access to disputed food items.

10aagonistic behaviour; bioacoustics; calling; scramble and contest competition; teleosts1 aAmorim, M., C. P.1 aStratoudakis, Y.1 aHawkins, A., D. uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jfb/65/101982nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520155700191100002101748700002701769700002201796856004201818 2020 eng d00aHistological Development and Integration of the Zebrafish Weberian Apparatus0 aHistological Development and Integration of the Zebrafish Weberi3 a

Background

The Weberian apparatus enhances hearing in otophysan fishes, including zebrafish (Danio rerio). Several studies have examined aspects of morphological development of the Weberian apparatus and hearing ability in zebrafish. A comprehensive developmental description including both hard and soft tissues is lacking. This information is critical for both interpretation of genetic developmental analyses and to better understand the role of morphogenesis and integration on changes in hearing ability.

Results

Histological development of hard and soft tissues of the Weberian apparatus, including ossicles, ear, swim bladder, and ligaments are described from early larval stages (3.8 mm NL) through adult. Results show a strong relationship in developmental timing and maturation across all regions. All required auditory elements are present and morphologically integrated early, by 6.5 mm SL. Dynamic ossification patterns and changes in shape continue throughout the examined developmental period.

Conclusion

This study provides the first comprehensive histological description of Weberian apparatus development in zebrafish. Morphological integration was found early, before increases in hearing ability were detected in functional studies (>10 mm TL), suggesting morphological integration precedes functional integration. Further research is needed to examine the nature of the functional delay, and how maturation of the Weberian apparatus influences functionality.

1 aBird, Nathan, C.1 aRichardson, Selena, S.1 aAbels, Jeremy, R. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/dvdy.17201890nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260005100210520134100261100002001602700002601622700002101648700002001669856005501689 2016 eng d00aAssessing the effect of aquatic noise on fish behavior and physiology: a meta-analysis approach0 aAssessing the effect of aquatic noise on fish behavior and physi aDublin, IrelandbAcoustical Society of America3 a

Due to the extreme distance that sounds can travel through water, many marine species rely on the soundscape for auditory information regarding predator or prey locations, communication, and habitat selection. These species not only take advantage of the prevailing sounds but also contribute to the soundscape through their own vocalizations. Certain sounds have been shown to have negative effects on marine species, resulting in disrupted communication and unbalanced predator-prey interactions. Unfortunately, the vast majority of soundscape studies are biased towards marine mammals, and only recently has attention been directed towards the potential repercussions for fishes. In an attempt to determine the implications that changes to the soundscape may have on the fishes, a meta-analysis was conducted focusing primarily on the role that anthropogenic noises may play in altering fish behavior and physiology. The review identified 3,174 potentially relevant papers of which were 27 used. The analysis indicates that anthropogenic noise has an adverse effect on marine and freshwater fish behavior and physiology. These findings suggest that although certain species may be more susceptible to anthropogenic noise than others, the vast majority of fish have the potential to be negatively affected by noise pollution.

1 aCox, Kieran, D.1 aBrennan, Lawrence, P.1 aDudas, Sarah, E.1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/2.000029102413nas a2200253 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169520160500238653001701843653001001860653000901870653001101879653001501890100002101905700002501926700001801951700002001969700002201989700002402011700002002035700002202055700002102077856006102098 2019 eng d00aPassive monitoring of phenological acoustic patterns reveals the sound of the camouflage grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion0 aPassive monitoring of phenological acoustic patterns reveals the3 a

1. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a non‐invasive technique that uses hydro- phones to monitor populations and ecosystem dynamics. Although many applica- tions of PAM have been developed in recent years, it has never been used to identify a calling marine species.
2. ThesouthpassofFakaravaAtoll,FrenchPolynesia,hostsspawningeventsofmany reef fish species, including the camouflage grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion, with a spawning aggregation abundance exceeding 17 000 individuals during the full moons of June and July.
3. The current study aimed to use PAM to distinguish camouflage grouper sounds among the vocal activities of all fish recorded during the aggregation periods. Audio recordings analysis resulted in the identification of 29 sound types, some of which showed diel and lunar patterns.
4. Temporal analysis of these sounds in relation to spawning activities allowed the identification of camouflage grouper calls. These calls can be described as a single pulse or a series of ‘boom(s)’ with a pulse duration of ~44 ms and a low dominant frequency of 103 ± 31 Hz. Video recordings show that the camouflage grouper pro- duces the ‘booms’ to initialize spawner ascent and to promote synchronous gamete release into the water column.
5. The study highlights for the first time that PAM can be used to identify the previ- ously unknown sound of a fish species. Moreover, we can use it to understand the phenology of some biological activities for improving the resolution of fish bio- diversity assessments.

10abiodiversity10acoral10afish10alagoon10amonitoring1 aJublier, Noémie1 aBertucci, Frédéric1 aKéver, Loïc1 aColleye, Orphal1 aBallesta, Laurent1 aNemeth, Richard, S.1 aLecchini, David1 aRhodes, Kevin, L.1 aParmentier, Eric uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.324202018nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154520139100223653000801614653001801622653003201640653002501672653000801697100002501705700002501730700002501755856005601780 2019 eng d00aThe effect of biological and anthropogenic sound on the auditory sensitivity of oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau0 aeffect of biological and anthropogenic sound on the auditory sen3 a

Many aquatic organisms use vocalizations for reproductive behavior; therefore, disruption of their soundscape could adversely affect their life history. Male oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) establish nests in shallow waters during spring and attract female fish with boatwhistle vocalizations. Males exhibit high nest fidelity, making them susceptible to anthropogenic sound in coastal waters, which could mask their vocalizations and/or reduce auditory sensitivity levels. Additionally, the effect of self-generated boatwhistles on toadfish auditory sensitivity has yet to be addressed. To investigate the effect of sound exposure on toadfish auditory sensitivity, sound pressure and particle acceleration sensitivity curves were determined using auditory evoked potentials before and after (0-, 1-, 3-, 6- and 9-day) exposure to 1- or 12-h of continuous playbacks to ship engine sound or conspecific vocalization. Exposure to boatwhistles had no effect on auditory sensitivity. However, exposure to anthropogenic sound caused significant decreases in auditory sensitivity for at least 3 days, with shifts up to 8 dB SPL and 20 dB SPL immediately following 1- and 12-h anthropogenic exposure, respectively. Understanding the effect of self-generated and anthropogenic sound exposure on auditory sensitivity provides an insight into how soundscapes affect acoustic communication.

10aAEP10aanthropogenic10aParticle acceleration level10aSound Pressure Level10aTTS1 aRogers, Loranzie, S.1 aPutland, Rosalyn, L.1 aMensinger, Allen, F. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-019-01381-x01702nas a2200109 4500008004100000245005700041210005300098520134400151100002501495700002101520856005101541 2019 eng d00aThe importance of underwater sounds to gadoid fishes0 aimportance of underwater sounds to gadoid fishes3 a

The codfish family includes more than 500 species that vary greatly in their abundance in areas like the North Sea and are widely fished. Gadoids (codfish) gather at particular locations to spawn, where they exhibit complex reproductive behavior with visual and acoustic displays. Calls have been described from seven species, including the Atlantic cod and haddock. They vocalize by means of a specialized apparatus, consisting of rapidly contracting striated muscles (the drumming muscles) attached to the gas-filled swim bladder. Several gadoids, such as the ling and the Greenland cod, possess drumming muscles and are likely to make sounds. Non-vocal gadoids, such as the poor cod, lack these muscles. It is suggested that the sonic apparatus was present in the early species of the gadoids, with some species having lost their sonic ability. Interestingly, silent gadoids are mainly small schooling fishes. Gadoid species are most sensitive to sounds from 30 to 500 Hz. Gadoid hearing can be masked by ambient sound but also by anthropogenic sounds, which may therefore adversely affect their reproduction, with potential effects upon discrete local stocks. Listening for gadoid sounds provides a reliable, non-invasive way of locating spawning sites, which can enhance the protection of reproducing fish from human impacts.

1 aHawkins, Anthony, D.1 aPicciulin, Marta uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.513468302270nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164520159200233653002501825653001701850653001801867653001401885100002001899700002001919700002301939856013801962 1997 eng d00aSound Production and Reproductive Ecology of Strongly Acoustic Fish in Africa: Pollimyrus isidori, Mormyridae0 aSound Production and Reproductive Ecology of Strongly Acoustic F3 a

We have studied the reproductive ecology and bioacoustic signals of weakly electric mormyrid fish in Africa in order to discover the natural conditions under which acoustic signals are used and to gain insight into the evolution of their acoustic behaviour and hearing. Pollimyrus isidori migrated from a tributary of the Niger River (Mali) into a shallow (2- 3 m) flood plain during the onset of the flooding seasons (August, 1991 and 1994). The fish were fully primed for reproduction upon entering the plain, females were significantly larger than males, and the sex ratio was skewed toward males (about 2 males per female). Males established territories (d ≈ 1 m) within the roots of floating rafts of grasses, about 0.5 m below the water surface. Males produced conspicuous acoustic displays consisting of Grunts and Moans during the night (130 dB peak re 1 μLPaat approximately 10 cm). These sounds had a fundamental of 340 Hz, but the band-width of the grunt extended to over 3 kHz. Experiments at the field site with captive animals showed that male sound production was stimulated by the presence of conspecific females. The P. isidori repertoire included 3 additional sounds. Analysis of environmental noise showed that these communication sounds fall within a distinct spectral window, thereby minimizing potential interference from other aquatic animals and abiotic noise sources. Waveform analyses showed that the sounds remained coherent over short distances (0.5 m) but lost amplitude more rapidly than would be predicted in a deep water free-field.

10aanimal communication10abioacoustics10aelectric fish10amigration1 aBenech, Vincent1 aJacob, Philippe1 aCrawford, John, D. uhttps://brill.com/view/journals/beh/134/9-10/article-p677_3.xmlhttps://data.brill.com/files/journals/1568539x_134_09-10_s003_text.pdf01743nas a2200181 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177520108800246653002401334653002501358653001901383653002601402100001501428700001401443700001701457700002001474856006701494 2019 eng d00aThe role of ambient sound levels, signal-to-noise ratio, and stimulus pulse rate on behavioural disturbance of seabass in a net pen0 arole of ambient sound levels signaltonoise ratio and stimulus pu3 a

Anthropogenic sources increasingly contribute to the underwater soundscape and this may negatively impact aquatic life, including fish. Anthropogenic sound may mask relevant sound, alter behaviour, physiology, and may lead to physical injury. Behavioural effect studies are often seen as critical to evaluate individual and population-level impact. However, behavioural responsiveness likely depends on context and characteristics of sound stimuli. We pose that ambient sound levels, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and pulse rate interval (PRI), could affect the behavioural response of fish. To study this, we experimentally exposed groups of tagged European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to different impulsive sound treatments that varied in pulse level, elevated background level, SNR, and PRI. Upon sound exposure, the seabass increased their swimming depth. The variation in the increase in swimming depth could not be attributed to pulse level, background level, SNR or PRI. It may be that the current range of sound levels or PRIs was too narrow to find such effects.

10aanthropogenic noise10aDicentrarchus labrax10aFish behaviour10asignal-to-noise ratio1 aHubert, J.1 aNeo, Y.Y.1 aWinter, H.V.1 aSlabbekoorn, H. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037663571930329802254nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136520182100205100002202026700002902048856006702077 2019 eng d00aTemperature affects sound production in fish with two sets of sonic organs: The Pictus cat0 aTemperature affects sound production in fish with two sets of so3 a

Sound communication is affected by ambient temperature in ectothermic animals including fishes. The present study examines the effects of temperature on acoustic signaling in a fish species possessing two different sound-generating mechanisms. The Amazonian Pictus catfish Pimelodus pictus produces low-frequency harmonic sounds (swimbladder drumming muscles) and high-frequency stridulation sounds (rubbing pectoral fin spines in the pectoral girdle). Sounds of 15 juveniles were recorded when hand-held after three weeks of acclimation at 30 °C, 22 °C and again 30 °C. The following sound characteristics were investigated: calling activity, sound duration, fundamental frequency of drumming sounds and dominant frequency of stridulation sounds. The number of both sound types produced within the first minute of experiments did not change with temperature. In contrast, sound duration was significantly shorter at 30 °C than at 22 °C (drumming: 78–560 ms; stridulation: 23–96 ms). The fundamental frequency of drumming sounds and thus the drumming muscle contraction rate varied from 127 Hz to 242 Hz and increased with temperature. The dominant frequency of broadband stridulation sounds ranged from 1.67 kHz to 3.39 kHz and was unaffected by temperature changes. Our data demonstrate that temperature affects acoustic signaling in P. pictus, although the changes differed between sound characteristics and sound type. The effects vary from no change in calling activity and dominant frequency, to an increase in fundamental frequency and shortened duration of both sound types. Together with the known effects of temperature on hearing in the Pictus cat, the present results indicate that global warming may affect acoustic communication in fishes.

1 aLadich, Friedrich1 aMaiditsch, Isabelle, Pia uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S109564331930353802417nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136520178100205653001401986653001602000653002202016653002802038653001902066653002402085100001702109700001702126700001802143856006202161 2019 eng d00aNonintrusive methods for biomass estimation in aquaculture with emphasis on fish: a review0 aNonintrusive methods for biomass estimation in aquaculture with 3 a

Fish biomass estimation is one of the most common and important practices in aquaculture. The regular acquisition of fish biomass information has been identi- fied as an urgent need for managers to optimize daily feeding, control stocking densities and ultimately determine the optimal time for harvesting. However, it is difficult to estimate fish biomass without human intervention because fishes are sensitive and move freely in an environment where visibility, lighting and stability are uncontrollable. Until now, fish biomass estimation has been mostly based on manual sampling, which is usually invasive, time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, it is imperative and highly desirable to develop a noninvasive, rapid and cost-effective means. Machine vision, acoustics, environmental DNA and resistivity counter provide the possibility of developing nonintrusive, faster and cheaper methods for in situ estimation of fish biomass. This article summarizes the development of these nonintrusive methods for fish biomass estimation over the past three decades and presents their basic concepts and principles. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are analysed and future research direc- tions are also presented. Studies show that the applications of information tech- nology such as advanced sensors and communication technologies have great significance to accelerate the development of new means and techniques for more effective biomass estimation. However, the accuracy and intelligence still need to be improved to meet intensive aquaculture requirements. Through close coopera- tion between fisheries experts and engineers, the precision and the level of intelli- gence for fish biomass estimation will be further improved based on the above methods.

10aacoustics10aaquaculture10aenvironmental DNA10afish biomass estimation10amachine vision10aresistivity counter1 aLi, Daoliang1 aHao, Yinfeng1 aDuan, Yanqing uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.1238802019nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260001600208300001600224490000800240520141400248653002301662653002001685653001701705653002101722100002601743856005601769 2019 eng d a0378-190900aThe acoustic behavior of Southern King Weakfish (Macrodon atricauda-Sciaenidae)0 aacoustic behavior of Southern King Weakfish Macrodon atricaudaSc cJan-10-2019 a1253 - 12640 v1023 a

Many species of fishes use acoustic signals for a variety of purposes, and sciaenid are well-known producers of sound. The Southern King Weakfish (Macrodon atricuada- Sciaenidae) possesses sexually dimorphic bilateral sonic muscles used for sound production. The bilaterally paired muscles lie on the inner body wall of the male, surrounding the swimbladder. The Southern King Weakfish produces three different sounds: advertisement calls, disturbance calls and dual-knocks, these sounds were recorded from Rio de la Plata estuary, Uruguayan coastal waters and laboratory. The advertisement call, related to courtship, was recorded in the field and from spawning males in the laboratory. Disturbance calls were produced when captive M. atricauda were startled, chased with a net or grabbed by the tail. Disturbance calls consist of a burst of pulses produced at short intervals. In disturbance call interpulse interval increased and dominant frequency decreased linearly (P < 0.05), pulse duration did not change with fish size. M. atricauda start producing disturbance call at 14 cm LT (Total Length), but only individuals over than 25 cm LT were who produced the advertisement call. Dual-knocks, call compose of only two pulses together, was recorder only in captivity. Sounds are a valuable non-invasive tool for fisheries biologists can used to monitor on males in spawning populations.

10aMacrodon atricauda10aRio de la Plata10aSonic muscle10asound production1 aTellechea, Javier, S. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10641-019-00902-602330nas a2200169 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260001600251300001300267490000700280520174000287100002302027700001502050700002202065700002102087856005202108 2019 eng d00aAutomatic detection, classification, and quantification of sciaenid fish calls in an estuarine soundscape in the Southeast United States0 aAutomatic detection classification and quantification of sciaeni cApr-01-2020 ae02099140 v143 a

In the Southeast USA, major contributors to estuarine soundscapes are the courtship calls produced by fish species belonging to the family Sciaenidae. Long-term monitoring of sciaenid courtship sounds may be valuable in understanding reproductive phenology, but this approach produces massive acoustic datasets. With this in mind, we designed a feature-based, signal detector for sciaenid fish calls and tested the efficacy of this detector against manually reviewed data. Acoustic recorders were deployed to collect sound samples for 2 min every 20 min at four stations in the May River estuary, South Carolina, USA from February to November, 2014. Manual analysis of acoustic files revealed that four fish species, belonging to the family Sciaenidae, were the major sound producers in this estuarine soundscape, and included black drum (Pogonias cromis), silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Recorded calls served as an acoustic library of signature features that were used to create a signal detector to automatically detect, classify, and quantify the number of calls in each acoustic file. Correlation between manual and automatic detection was significant and precision varied from 61% to 100%. Automatic detection provided quantitative data on calling rates for this long-term data set. Positive temperature anomalies increased calling rates of black drum, silver perch, and spotted seatrout, while negative anomalies increased calling rates of red drum. Acoustic monitoring combined with automatic detection could be an additional or alternative method for monitoring sciaenid spawning and changes in phenology associated with climate change.

1 aMonczak, Agnieszka1 aJi, Yiming1 aSoueidan, Jamileh1 aMontie, Eric, W. uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020991402308nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001600252300001200268490000800280520160200288100001301890700001801903700002101921700001501942700001401957700001701971856011401988 2019 eng d a0171-863000aFish community structure, habitat complexity, and soundscape characteristics of patch reefs in a tropical, back-reef system0 aFish community structure habitat complexity and soundscape chara cMay-01-2020 a33 - 480 v6093 a

Marine soundscapes can provide information on the presence of soniferous species and, in some cases, habitat characteristics and biodiversity of certain marine organisms. Tropical back-reefs functioning as nursery areas provide essential fish habitat for juveniles and sub-adults moving to offshore coral reefs as they grow; yet little is known of underwater soundscapes in these habitats. We characterized the soundscapes of 7 artificial patch reefs within a seagrass-dominated, back-reef embayment in The Bahamas. Hydrophones were deployed at each reef and recorded simultaneously for 2 min every 20 min from March to July 2016. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) and acoustic complexity (ACI) were analyzed for low (0.1-1.5 kHz) and high (4-20 kHz) frequency bands to evaluate sounds produced by marine organisms. Low frequency SPLs associated with fish vocalizations peaked twice per day for some reefs, but showed no relationship with habitat complexity or fish community structure. High frequency SPLs and invertebrate snap rates peaked nightly and were positively correlated with structural rugosity of reefs but not fish community structure. ACI values for both high and low frequency bands showed no associations with habitat complexity or fish community structure. These findings suggest that high frequency SPLs and invertebrate snap rates may be more indicative of habitat complexity in back-reef nurseries than low frequency SPLs, and that neither ACI values for low or high frequency bands correlate with fish community structure in areas dominated by juvenile and sub-adult fish.

1 aLyon, RP1 aEggleston, DB1 aBohnenstiehl, DR1 aLayman, CA1 aRicci, SW1 aAllgeier, JE uhttps://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v609/p33-48/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2018/609/m609p033.pdf01525nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260001600199520100200215100002001217700002101237700002201258700002401280856006301304 2018 eng d a0143-080700aTeaching acoustics in an interdisciplinary context with "singing" fish0 aTeaching acoustics in an interdisciplinary context with singing  cMar-11-20203 a

This article describes a novel and interdisciplinary context for learning about real-world sound waves. The "song" of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish produces an acoustical wave that is periodic but not sinusoidal. This acoustical signal is the focus of active research in sound source localization by fishes, the effects of hormones on hearing systems and the elucidation of neural mechanisms involved in social acoustic communication. In this paper, we introduce the reproductive biology and bioacoustics of the midshipman fish. We describe the use of the advertisement "song" of the male fish to visualize and interpret the dramatically different displacement, velocity and acceleration waveforms; to explore the roles of pressure and particle motion in production and detection of acoustical waves; and to apply Fourier analysis to understand the implications of the frequency spectrum in the production, transmission and reception of sound in an aquatic environment.

1 aSeeley, Lane, H1 aForlano, Paul, M1 aSeeley, Andrea, H1 aSisneros, Joseph, A uhttp://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6404/aaf43401258nas a2200181 4500008004100000245002800041210002800069260001600097520077500113653002400888653001700912653002000929653002100949100002000970700002300990700002001013856004301033 2018 eng d00aEcology of fish hearing0 aEcology of fish hearing cMay-11-20193 a

Underwater sound is directional and can convey important information about the surrounding environment or the animal emitting the sound. Therefore, sound is a major sensory channel for fishes and plays a key role in many life‐history strategies. The effect of anthropogenic noise on aquatic life, which may be causing homogenisation or fragmentation of biologically important signals underwater is of growing concern. In this review we discuss the role sound plays in the ecology of fishes, basic anatomical and physiological adaptations for sound reception and production, the effects of anthropogenic noise and how fishes may be coping to changes in their environment, to put the ecology of fish hearing into the context of the modern underwater soundscape.

10aanthropogenic noise10afish hearing10asound detection10asound production1 aPutland, R., L.1 aMontgomery, J., C.1 aRadford, C., A. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jfb.1386702430nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249520154900265653002401814653001101838653001401849653001901863653002501882653003101907100002601938700002401964700002901988700002802017700002702045700001802072700001902090856005502109 2018 eng d a0289-077100aEffects of hydroelectric turbine noise on the behaviour of Leporinus taeniatus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in captivity0 aEffects of hydroelectric turbine noise on the behaviour of Lepor cOct-11-20193 a

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) constitute one of the main forms of energy generation in the world, and its operation produces underwater noise through generators and turbines, which can potentially impact the aquatic fauna. Anthropogenic noise is a stressful factor and can affect behaviour, physiology and acoustic communication of many animal species. However, the noise impact produced by HPP on fishes has not been studied yet. In this research we investigated the noise impact of hydroelectric turbines on the behaviour of Leporinus taeniatus held captive in Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that noise could disturb fishes’ behaviour by affecting school organization, fish position in the tank and the speed of swimming. Two groups of 10 individuals were exposed to 30 sessions of noise played at an intensity of 100 dB re 1 µPa, during 40 s on days 0, 7 and 14. Behavioural data were obtained before, during, and after noise exposure. Results showed that the fish swam significantly faster, moving to the bottom and swimming in depolarised shoals during noise exposure in both groups. Temporal analysis showed that during noise exposure fish swam faster, were less stationary and used the bottom of the tanks more throughout sampling period. These data provide evidence that fish behaviour can be affected by the aversive stimulus of the noise of a hydroelectric turbine in operation. It also suggests that sound pollution issues should be taken into consideration when regulating the use of natural areas for HPP.

10aanthropogenic noise10aBrazil10aCharacins10aFish behaviour10aHydroelectric impact10aSão Francisco River basin1 aDuarte, Marina, H. L.1 aMelo, Rafael, M. C.1 aScarpelli, Marina, D. A.1 aCarvalho, Thiago, M. A.1 aPadovese, Linilson, R.1 aBazzoli, Nilo1 aRizzo, Elizete uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10164-018-0568-601610nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260001600192520119900208100001801407700002001425856004301445 2018 eng d00aHow Can We Understand Freshwater Soundscapes Without Fish Sound Descriptions?0 aHow Can We Understand Freshwater Soundscapes Without Fish Sound  cDec-10-20193 a

The ecological importance of the freshwater soundscape is just beginning to be recognized by society. Scientists are beginning to apply Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) methods that are well established in marine systems to freshwater systems to map spatial and temporal patterns of behaviors associated with fish sounds as well as noise impacts on them. Unfortunately, these efforts are greatly hampered by a critical lack of data on the sources of sounds that make up the soundscape of freshwater habitats. A review of the literature finds that only 87 species have been reported to produce sounds in North America and Europe over the last 200 years, accounting for 5% of the known freshwater fish diversity. The problem is exacerbated by the general failure of researchers to report the detailed statistical descriptions of fish sound characteristics that are necessary to develop PAM programs. We suggest that publishers and editors should do more to encourage reporting of statistical properties of fish sounds. In addition, we call for research, academic, and government agencies to develop regional libraries of fish sounds to aid in PAM and anthropogenic noise impact studies.

1 aBolgan, Marta1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/fsh.1019002024nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245013600055210006900191260001600260300001600276490000800292520140700300100002201707700002001729700001901749700002301768856005101791 2018 eng d a0001-496600aAutomatic detection of fish sounds based on multi-stage classification including logistic regression via adaptive feature weighting0 aAutomatic detection of fish sounds based on multistage classific cJan-11-2018 a2709 - 27180 v1443 a

This paper presents a method for automatic detection of fish sounds in an underwater environment. There exist two difficulties: (i) features and classifiers that provide good detection results differ depending on the underwater environment and (ii) there are cases where a large amount of training data that is necessary for supervised machine learning cannot be prepared. A method presented in this paper (the proposed hybrid method) overcomes these difficulties as follows. First, novel logistic regression (NLR) is derived via adaptive feature weighting by focusing on the accuracy of classification results by multiple classifiers, support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN). Although there are cases where SVM or k-NN cannot work well due to divergence of useful features, NLR can produce complementary results. Second, the proposed hybrid method performs multi-stage classification with consideration of the accuracy of SVM, k-NN, and NLR. The multi-stage acquisition of reliable results works adaptively according to the underwater environment to reduce performance degradation due to diversity of useful classifiers even if abundant training data cannot be prepared. Experiments on underwater recordings including sounds of Sciaenidae such as silver croakers (Pennahia argentata) and blue drums (Nibea mitsukurii) show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid method.

1 aHarakawa, Ryosuke1 aOgawa, Takahiro1 aHaseyama, Miki1 aAkamatsu, Tomonari uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506737301982nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006900055210006800124260001600192300001600208490000800224520152300232100003001755856005101785 2018 eng d a0001-496600aComplexity-entropy based approach for detection of fish choruses0 aComplexityentropy based approach for detection of fish choruses cJan-09-2018 a1692 - 16930 v1443 a

Increasing anthropogenic noise around the world ocean are affecting the marine ecology. Recently, acoustic indices (AI) were utilized to quantify the biophony in the marine soundscape. However, these AI’s employed in complex marine environment, dominated by several anthropogenic and geophonic sources are yet to be understood. In this study, we have introduced a method based on complexity-entropy (C-H) for detection of biophonic sounds originating from fish chorus. The fish chorus detection performance of C-H was compared with AI’s such as acoustic complexity index (ACI), acoustic diversity index (ADI), and bioacoustics index (BI). We have utilized the data collected at Changhua (A1) and Miaoli (N1). During the Spring of 2016 and 2017, the region N1 was exposed to continual shipping activities, due to which there was ~10 dB increase in the low frequency (5–500 Hz) noise levels. This enabled us to evaluate the fish chorus detection performance of various AI’s and C-H method, and the robustness in the presence and absence of shipping activities. The results presented in this study shows that, during the fish chorusing hours, the introduced entropy is positively correlated with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (P cc) > 0.95 and complexity is anticorrelated with P cc < -0.95. Therefore, the introduced C-H method has potential implication in efficient detection of fish chorus and overcome the limitations confronted by AI’s such as ACI, ADI, and BI.

1 aSiddagangaiah, Shashidhar uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506752301797nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011900055210006900174260001600243300001600259490000800275520115900283100001801442700002201460700002401482700002601506700002001532856005101552 2018 eng d a0001-496600aAssessing vessel slowdown as an option for reducing acoustic masking for Arctic cod in the western Canadian Arctic0 aAssessing vessel slowdown as an option for reducing acoustic mas cJan-09-2018 a1662 - 16620 v1443 a

Noise from this shipping traffic can lead to acoustic masking, reducing the ability of marine animals to detect and use biologically important sounds. Vessel-slow down may be an alternative mitigation option in regions where re-routing shipping corridors to avoid important habitat for fish and marine mammals is not possible. We investigated the potential relief in masking from a 10 knot speed reduction of container and cruise ships. Based on ambient sound measurements and real shipping data, the percentage reduction in the available listening space for fish as a container or cruise ship passes under varying speeds and ambient sound conditions was shown. The mitigation effects from slower vessels (travelling at 15 knots compared to 25 knots), in terms of auditory masking, was equal between ambient sound conditions, but not equal between the type of vessel. Slowing vessels led to a substantial decrease in the listening space reductions, with the amount of reduction varying by distance away from vessels. Vessel slowdown through sensitive habitat could be an effective mitigation strategy for reducing the extent of auditory masking.

1 aPine, Matthew1 aHannay, David, E.1 aInsley, Stephen, J.1 aHalliday, William, D.1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506741201649nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260001600207300001600223490000800239520115500247100001801402700002001420856005101440 2018 eng d a0001-496600aDescribing new fish sounds from the northeast Pacific: A quantitative approach0 aDescribing new fish sounds from the northeast Pacific A quantita cJan-09-2018 a1693 - 16930 v1443 a

In order to identify fish sounds in British Columbia soundscapes, we need catalogues of validated fish sounds from Pacific species. These catalogues will help in comparing validated examples to unknown sounds found in long-term autonomous recordings. In addition, it is important that the sounds be described quantitatively for accurate identification and comparison. Our goal is to contribute to building such catalogues and to fill knowledge gaps in fish acoustic behaviour to support studies on the impact of anthropogenic noise on Pacific fishes. Since distinguishing sound sources in the ocean is extremely difficult, we are collaborating with aquaria, marine science centers and ocean-based aquaculture facilities to monitor, audition and record the acoustic behaviour of captive and semi-captive fish species. To date, we have acquired over 3,000 hours of recordings in these conditions. Sounds that we have already validated include Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and grunt sculpin (Rhamphocottus richardsonii) vocalizations. Here, we will present a description of these newly validated sounds.

1 aRiera, Amalis1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506752601803nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001600246490000800262520125600270100001901526700001701545700002001562856005101582 2018 eng d a0001-496600aAcoustic recordings of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) from a hatchery on Vancouver Island0 aAcoustic recordings of Pacific salmon iOncorhynchusi spp from a  cJan-09-2018 a1693 - 16930 v1443 a

Sound production in fish has been documented; however, the diversity of species that create sound is not fully understood. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are ecologically, economically, and culturally important in the northeast Pacific. Recent declines in specific species and stocks have increased their public interest. Other species from the family Salmonidae produce sounds, but there is little evidence of any species of Pacific salmon producing sounds. Recording salmon in the wild would be difficult but local hatcheries allow for a unique opportunity to listen for salmon sounds in a semi-natural environment. Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were recorded using two stationary acoustic recorders that were deployed at a salmon hatchery in Qualicum beach Vancouver Island, British Columbia, for three consecutive weeks in September and October 2017. Audio files were collected in 5 minute subsections and examined for salmon sounds. Here, we present spectrograms and time-frequency composition of potential sounds found for Chinook, pink, and coho salmon. All sounds were then compared to sounds produced by other soniferous fish and to the hearing range of Pacific salmon.

1 aMurchy, Kelsie1 aMouy, Xavier1 aJuanes, Francis uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506752701373nas a2200229 4500008004100000245006900041210006800110260001600178300000700194490000600201520070600207653002400913653001800937653001500955653002900970653000900999653003101008653002101039100002301060700001901083856004101102 2018 eng d00aUnderwater Soundscape Monitoring and Fish Bioacoustics: A Review0 aUnderwater Soundscape Monitoring and Fish Bioacoustics A Review cJan-09-2018 a360 v33 a

Soundscape ecology is a rapidly growing field with approximately 93% of all scientific articles on this topic having been published since 2010 (total about 610 publications since 1985). Current acoustic technology is also advancing rapidly, enabling new devices with voluminous data storage and automatic signal detection to define sounds. Future uses of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) include biodiversity assessments, monitoring habitat health, and locating spawning fishes. This paper provides a review of ambient sound and soundscape ecology, fish acoustic monitoring, current recording and sampling methods used in long-term PAM, and parameters/metrics used in acoustic data analysis.

10aacoustic monitoring10aambient noise10acoral reef10aEnvironmental monitoring10afish10apassive acoustic detection10aunderwater sound1 aLindseth, Adelaide1 aLobel, Phillip uhttp://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/3601962nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001400243490000800257520124200265100002101507700002701528700001801555700003501573700002201608700001801630700001501648700001801663856005101681 2018 eng d a0001-496600aAn approach for automatic classification of grouper vocalizations with passive acoustic monitoring0 aapproach for automatic classification of grouper vocalizations w cJan-02-2018 a666 - 6760 v1433 a

Grouper, a family of marine fishes, produce distinct vocalizations associated with their reproductive behavior during spawning aggregation. These low frequencies sounds (50–350 Hz) consist of a series of pulses repeated at a variable rate. In this paper, an approach is presented for automatic classifica- tion of grouper vocalizations from ambient sounds recorded in situ with fixed hydrophones based on weighted features and sparse classifier. Group sounds were labeled initially by humans for training and testing various feature extraction and classification methods. In the feature extraction phase, four types of features were used to extract features of sounds produced by groupers. Once the sound features were extracted, three types of representative classifiers were applied to categorize the spe- cies that produced these sounds. Experimental results showed that the overall percentage of identifi- cation using the best combination of the selected feature extractor weighted mel frequency cepstral coefficients and sparse classifier achieved 82.7% accuracy. The proposed algorithm has been imple- mented in an autonomous platform (wave glider) for real-time detection and classification of group vocalizations.

1 aIbrahim, Ali, K.1 aChérubin, Laurent, M.1 aZhuang, Hanqi1 aUmpierre, Michelle, T. Schäre1 aDalgleish, Fraser1 aErdol, Nurgun1 aOuyang, B.1 aDalgleish, A. uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.5022281