00365nas a2200085 4500008004100000245009300041210006900134100001900203856005700222 1988 eng d00aTraps for Collecting Live Euphasiopteryx depleta (Diptera: Tachinidae) at a Sound Source0 aTraps for Collecting Live Euphasiopteryx depleta Diptera Tachini1 aFowler, H., G. uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3495023?origin=crossref02100nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102520173500163100002401898700002001922856004801942 1988 eng d00aTemporal coding in the auditory receptor of the moth ear0 aTemporal coding in the auditory receptor of the moth ear3 a

Temporal coding in the moth ear was inferred from the response of the auditory receptor to acoustic stimuli with different temporal characteristics.

1.Determinations of the threshold with different stimulus pulse durations showed that the moth ear behaves as an energy detector with a maximum time constant (the integration time) of 25 ms. Pulse durations beyond this value did not result in decreased thresholds (Fig. 1).

2.The synchronization to amplitude modulations was determined by stimulating the moth ear with amplitude modulated (AM) tones (carrier frequency: 40 kHz) and AM white noise presented as 450 ms pulses separated by pauses of similar length. The modulation depth was constant (100%) whereas the modulation frequency,fm, was varied. The maximumfm which the auditory receptors could follow was 200 Hz (P<0.05) (Figs. 2, 3, 4).

3.The relatively broad tuning of the only receptor which was functional at the relevant stimulus intensities suggested that AM detection could only be based on temporal cues. This was confirmed by the results showing the same degree of synchronization independent of carrier.

4.A minimum time constant for the receptor was also determined by interrupting a 400 ms noise pulse by a gap (Figs. 5, 6). The threshold for gap detection of the moth ear was ca. 2 ms on a 2.5% significance level (one sided test).

5.The temporal acuity reported here seems to be fine enough to explain the temporal resolution suggested by behavioral results from other insect species. The results are discussed in relation to acoustic communication in insects as well as in relation to temporal resolution in vertebrates.

1 aSurlykke, Annemarie1 aMichelsen, Axel uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0060612300548nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260001600232300001400248490000800262100002300270700002400293856008500317 1988 eng d a0005-795900aMating System, Mate Choice and Ultrasonic Calling in a Zaprochiline Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aMating System Mate Choice and Ultrasonic Calling in a Zaprochili cJan-01-1988 a202 - 2230 v1051 aGwynne, Darryl, T.1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156853988x0002502089nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001600213300001400229490000700243520149000250100002401740700001901764856014801783 1988 eng d a0307-696200aFemale phonotaxis and frequency discrimination in the bushcricket Requena verticalis0 aFemale phonotaxis and frequency discrimination in the bushcricke cJan-12-1988 a363 - 3720 v133 a

The male bushcricket, Requena verticalis, calls with a signal containing two predominant frequencies, 16 kHz and 28 kHz. A synthesized call, made from a template of the natural call, was played to females under conditions of a two‐speaker trial on a flat arena. Orientation pathways to a speaker emitting only a 16 kHz signal were more circuitous than the pathways made by females orientating to a speaker emitting only a 28 kHz signal. Females preferred a signal with both carrier frequency peaks present within the song to a signal with only a 16 kHz or 28 kHz carrier frequency, when the signal containing a double peak was kept at equivalent absolute intensity to that with a single peak. Females chose signals containing a more powerful high frequency peak over a signal in which both peaks were balanced. For the higher peak, they were able to differentiate between frequencies with a separation of 8 kHz but not of 4 kHz. They were unable to differentiate between frequencies with a separation up to 8 kHz in the lower peak when one frequency was held at 16 kHz; however, when this frequency was held at 18 kHz, females were able to distinguish between frequencies with a difference of 4 kHz. (N.B. 18 kHz is 2 kHz above the mean value for this frequency within the natural population.) We conclude that females are choosing males on the amount of power in the higher frequency range of their song and that this may be equivalent to a close calling male in the field.

1 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aYeoh, Paul, B. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1988.tb01118.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3032.1988.tb01118.x03349nas a2200133 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175300001000244490000800254520287800262100001603140700001803156856004103174 1988 eng d00aAuditory behavior of the cricket IV. Interaction of direction of tracking with perceived temporal pattern in split-song paradigms0 aAuditory behavior of the cricket IV Interaction of direction of  a13-220 v1633 a

1. Split songs — stimulus arrangements in which parts of cricket calling songs are delivered from different directions via two loudspeakers — have been used to place constraints on the recognition and direction-determining processes in the field cricketGryllus bimaculatus, walking on the Kramer spherical treadmill. Parts of a calling song, each ineffective when delivered alone, can combine to elicit recognition and tracking when interleaved from two speakers 135° apart in azimuth.

2. If two correct songs (40-ms syllable repetition interval) are delivered from the two speakers, but time-shifted by a half interval so that their composite (20-ms intervals) is incorrect, then the angle bisecting the speaker separation (where the two should appear equally loud) might be expected to be an ‘unfavored zone’; the animals do in fact tend to avoid that region. As in controls on ‘choice’ experiments with interleaving of complete chirps, if one speaker is increased in sound intensity it tends to be favored.

3. If two incorrect songs (80-ms syllable repetition interval) are delivered from the two speakers, again time-shifted by half a syllable interval so that the composite is correct (40-ms intervals), then angles near those bisecting the speaker separation might be expected to be favored, and most animals track in that way. Surprisingly, however, when one speaker is increased in sound intensity in this case most animals show a marked shift of tracking toward the less-loud speaker at test intensities near 60 and 70 dB. At 80 dB the effect is reversed.

4. About one-third of females track trill — continuous trains of syllables at the correct syllable rate but with no subdivision into chirps; these were tested with split trills. If alternate syllables of the trill were delivered from the two speakers, or alternating doublets, tracking tended to bisect the 135° angle between speakers. With alternating triplets or higher n-tuples, one or the other speaker was tracked quite accurately. This ability to lock on to one signal despite the presence of another (at 135°) was tested at smaller speaker separations (90°, 65°, 45°); the animals then usually fail to select one speaker.

5. The above results are difficult to explain via a putative ‘tracking comparator’ with ‘cardioid’ inputs from the two sides of the auditory system. In particular, the distinct behaviors with respect to intensity imbalance (2 and 3 above, for different ranges of syllable repetition interval of split songs) suggest that bilateral dynamic interactions in the CNS may be involved. Specific correlates of these effects can be sought in multiple-source or dual leg-phone experiments with electrophysiological monitoring of prothoracic and brain cells.

1 aWeber, Theo1 aThorson, John uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/5314601729nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245015800054210006900212260001600281300001400297490000700311520118100318100001801499856006601517 1988 eng d a0003347200aThe calling song of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (de geer): constraints on transmission and its role in intermale competition and female choice0 acalling song of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus de geer co cJan-04-1988 a380 - 3940 v363 a

Field studies of calling male field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, showed that males formed calling aggregations. Within aggregations males appeared to maintain an exclusive female-attraction zone about their burrows; calling song may thus serve as an aggressive signal to neighbouring males to maintain spacing. Calling song attenuates with distance. Furthermore, calls became degraded with distance by the loss of low frequency components and a reduction in the interval between chirps and pulses due to reverberation. Playback experiments suggested that the predictable degrading properties of the call may serve as a distance-finding mechanism maintaining observed male spacing. The intensity of calls and the repetition rate of chirps and pulses was positively correlated with male size. While information contained within the intensity parameter of calls may prove unreliable due to unpredictable attenuation and irregular amplitude fluctuations, the repetition rate of chirps and pulses was not affected by distance degradation. Playback experiments in which intensity was controlled suggested that females orientate preferentially to the calls of large males.

1 aSimmons, L.W. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728880009500407nam a2200109 4500008004100000022001800041245008200059210006900141260002700210100001900237856004100256 1988 eng d a0-00-219852-500aA Field Guide to the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Britain and Northern Europe0 aField Guide to the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Britain and Nort bWilliam Collins & Sons1 aBellman, Heiko uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/4739901408nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010900041210006900150300001200219490000700231520069300238653001400931653002200945653002400967653002400991653002401015653002201039653002401061653001401085100001701099700002101116856004101137 1988 eng d00aPhysical processes and mechanism of sound production in Field Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer0 aPhysical processes and mechanism of sound production in Field Cr a109-1200 v133 a

The paper describes the acoustic apparatus of field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. A model is proposed for the mechanism of sound production. Physical and acoustic apparatus are reported. Mutilation experiments on the elytra of the insect were performed to study the relative contribution of the components of the acoustic apparatus. Different physical processes involved in the sound production such as signal generation, amplification, frequency modukation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM) are discussed. The quality of the sound analysed by the sonagraphic technique. It consists of fundamnetal (5kHz) and two overtones (10,5 & 16kHz), the former being prominent.

10aamplifier10aelytral vibration10afile-scraper system10afrequency geneartor10afrequency modulator10africtional system10aGryllus bimaculatus10aresonance1 aAhmad, Adeel1 aSiddiqui, M., A. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1724200378nam a2200121 4500008004100000245005000041210005000091260003400141300000800175490000600183100002600189856004100215 1988 eng d00aBioakustik der europäischen Laubheuschrecken0 aBioakustik der europäischen Laubheuschrecken aWeikersheim, GermanybMargraf a3580 v11 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/node/1715601986nas a2200241 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173300001200242490000700254520119000261653001401451653001401465653001601479653001701495653001101512653001701523653001501540653000901555653001301564100001801577700002101595856012801616 1988 eng d00aThe songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group in the Iberian Peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 asongs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus bigutt a897-9290 v223 a

The Chorthippus biguttulus group includes a number of common European species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically but are easily recognized in the field by the distinctive calling songs of the males. These song-patterns have not previously been studied in Spain and as a result the Iberian members of the group have been misidentified in almost all the extensive Spanish literature on the ecology and cytogenetics of these insects. In this study the male calling songs of all six members of the group known from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa are fully described and illustrated with oscillograms at several different speeds. The songs of the three species known only from Iberia or North Africa, jacobsi, yersini and marocanus, are fully described for the first time (marocanus is here raised in rank from subspecies). Notes on recognition, using both morphology and song, are given for each species, and two identification keys are provided, one based on morphology and the other on song. It is shown that the three species biguttulus, brunneus and mollis, previously believed to be widespread in Iberia, are absent from most of the peninsula.

10aacoustics10aAcrididae10aChorthippus10agrasshoppers10aIberia10aNorth Africa10aOrthoptera10asong10ataxonomy1 aRagge, D., R.1 aReynolds, W., J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/ja/content/songs-and-taxonomy-grasshoppers-chorthippus-biguttulus-group-iberian-peninsula-orthoptera