@article {53330,
	title = {Manatee behavioral response to boats},
	journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Jan-10-2018},
	pages = {924 - 962},
	abstract = {<p>The long-term viability of the Florida manatee is threatened in part by mortality from boat collisions. This study investigated manatee behavior during boat approaches to better understand factors that lead to manatee\&ndash;boat collisions. Digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) and Argos-linked GPS tags were deployed on 18 manatees in southwest Florida, and boat traffic around them was mapped. Suites of manatee behavioral, environmental, and boat-related factors were recorded during opportunistic boat passes. We built generalized linear mixed models to determine which factors accounted for variation in occurrence, number, and timing of manatee behavioral changes during boat passes. Manatees responded to boats, changing their orientation, depth, and fluking behavior most often when a boat approached closely (\&lt;10 m). Manatees were also more likely to change their depth when not on a seagrass bed and when actively fluking before a boat pass. Boat speed did not affect the occurrence or intensity of manatee response. Compared to fast approaches, however, slower passes allowed the manatee more time to respond, and behavioral change occurred earlier relative to the time of the boat\&$\#$39;s closest point of approach. We conclude that faster boats likely pose a greater risk of collision with manatees than do slower boats.</p>
},
	keywords = {behavioral response, boat collision, DTAG, Florida, manatee, Trichechus manatus, West Indian},
	doi = {10.1111/mms.v34.410.1111/mms.12491},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.4},
	author = {Rycyk, Athena M. and Deutsch, Charles J. and Barlas, Margaret E. and Hardy, Stacie K. and Frisch, Katherine and Leone, Erin H. and Nowacek, Douglas P.}
}
@article {47308,
	title = {Long-distance, low-frequency elephant communication},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology A},
	volume = {190},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan-10-2004},
	pages = {791 - 805},
	abstract = {<p>The production, transmission, and reception of and the behavioral response to long-distance, low-frequency sound by elephants is reviewed. The structure of low-frequency calls generated by elephants is separated into the \&ldquo;source\&rdquo; and the \&ldquo;filter\&rdquo; roles played by the lungs, larynx and vocal track, the composition of the expired air and the ambient air temperature. Implications regarding the size, age, sex, sexual and physical status follow from the call structure and detection. Reception of the signal is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the elephant\&rsquo;s ear with particular attention to the determination of the threshold of hearing and the ability to locate the source of low-frequency sounds. Factors which influence the transmission of near infrasound are related to atmospheric structure. The critical role played by the thermal stratification and vertical gradient and magnitude of the wind in determining both the range and the detection of a signal are discussed for open and closed elephant habitats. Infrasound plays a pervasive role in reproduction, resource utilization, avoidance of predation and other social interactions. Current and future technology can be expected to contribute to the detection and interpretation of elephant communication. This will aid in the understanding of behavior and in efforts to sustain the species.</p>
},
	keywords = {behavioral response, calling, Elephant communication, hearing, transmission},
	issn = {0340-7594},
	doi = {10.1007/s00359-004-0553-0},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0553-0},
	author = {Garstang, Michael}
}
