03010nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520234200201653002902543653001202572653002402584653004202608653003302650653002302683100002202706700001902728856008102747 2013 eng d00aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for directional hearing in crickets0 aDiversity of acoustic tracheal system and its role for direction3 a

Background: Sound localization in small insects can be a challenging task due to physical constraints in deriving sufficiently large interaural intensity differences (IIDs) between both ears. In crickets, sound source localization is achieved by a complex type of pressure difference receiver consisting of four potential sound inputs. Sound acts on the external side of two tympana but additionally reaches the internal tympanal surface via two external sound entrances. Conduction of internal sound is realized by the anatomical arrangement of connecting trachea. A key structure is a trachea coupling both ears which is characterized by an enlarged part in its midline (i.e., the acoustic vesicle) accompanied with a thin membrane (septum). This facilitates directional sensitivity despite an unfavorable relationship between wavelength of sound and body size. Here we studied the morphological differences of the acoustic tracheal system in 40 cricket species (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae) and species of outgroup taxa (Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Gryllacrididae) of the suborder Ensifera comprising hearing and non hearing species.

Results: We found a surprisingly high variation of acoustic tracheal systems and almost all investigated species using intraspecific acoustic communication were characterized by an acoustic vesicle associated with a medial septum. The relative size of the acoustic vesicle - a structure most crucial for deriving high IIDs - implies an important role for sound localization. Most remarkable in this respect was the size difference of the acoustic vesicle between species; those with a more unfavorable ratio of body size to sound wavelength tend to exhibit a larger acoustic vesicle. On the other hand, secondary loss of acoustic signaling was nearly exclusively associated with the absence of both acoustic vesicle and septum.

Conclusion: The high diversity of acoustic tracheal morphology observed between species might reflect different steps in the evolution of the pressure difference receiver; with a precursor structure already present in ancestral non-hearing species. In addition, morphological transitions of the acoustic vesicle suggest a possible adaptive role for the generation of binaural directional cues.

10aAcoustic tracheal system10acricket10adirectional hearing10aInteraural intensity difference (IID)10aPressure difference receiver10aSound localization1 aSchmidt, Arne, KD1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-10-6102388nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013300041210007000174520162100244653001301865653002501878653001201903653003801915653001101953653002501964653002501989653002502014653000902039653002702048100001502075700002402090856004402114 2001 eng d00aMechanisms of frequency-specific responses of ω neuron 1 in crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus): a polysynaptic pathway for song?0 aMechanisms of frequencyspecific responses of ω neuron 1 in crick3 a

In crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus), the auditory interneuron ω neuron 1 (ON1) responds to sounds over a wide range of frequencies but is most sensitive to the frequency of conspecific songs (4.5 kHz). Response latency is longest for this same frequency. We investigate the mechanisms that might account for the longer latency of ON1 to cricket-like sounds. Intracellular recordings revealed no evidence for appropriately timed postsynaptic inhibition of ON1 that might increase its latency, nor was latency affected by picrotoxin. The onset of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was delayed for 4.5 kHz stimuli compared with ultrasound stimuli, pointing to a presynaptic locus for the latency difference. When ON1 is stimulated with high frequencies, discrete, apparently unitary EPSPs can be recorded in its dendrite, and these are latency-locked to spikes recorded simultaneously in the auditory nerve. This suggests that input to ON1 from high-frequency-tuned auditory receptor neurons is monosynaptic. In agreement with this, brief ultrasound stimuli evoke a single, short-latency EPSP in ON1. In contrast, the EPSP evoked by a brief 4.5 kHz stimulus consists of an early component, similar in latency to that evoked by ultrasound and possibly evoked by ultrasound-tuned receptors, and a later, dominant component. We interpret the early peak as arising from a monosynaptic afferent pathway and the late peak from a polysynaptic afferent pathway. Multiple-peak EPSPs, with timing similar to those evoked by sound stimuli, were also evoked by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.

10aaudition10aauditory interneuron10acricket10aexcitatory postsynaptic potential10aInsect10amonosynaptic pathway10aomega neuron 1 (ON1)10apolysynaptic pathway10asong10aTeleogryllus oceanicus1 aFaulkes, Z1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5762001827nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001200232490000800244520115400252653002701406653003001433653001201463653001901475653002701494653001501521100002401536700001701560856004401577 1998 eng d00aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by auditory receptors in the cricket teleogryllus oceanicus0 aRepresentation of behaviorally relevant sound frequencies by aud a155-1630 v2013 a

Teleogryllus oceanicus is particularly sensitive to two ranges of sound frequency, one corresponding to intraspecific acoustical signals (4-5 kHz) and the other to the echolocation cries of bats (25-50 kHz). We recorded summed responses of the auditory nerve to stimuli in these two ranges. Nerve responses consist of trains of compound action potentials (CAPs), each produced by the summed activity of a number of receptor neurons. The amplitude of the CAP is up to four times larger for stimuli at 4.5 kHz than for stimuli at 30 kHz, suggesting either that the extracellular spikes produced by receptors that respond to 4.5 kHz are larger than those that respond to 30 kHz, or that receptors fire more synchronously in response to stimulation at 4.5 kHz, or that more receptors respond to stimulation at 4.5 kHz. Neither unit spike amplitude nor conduction velocity (which is expected to vary with spike amplitude) differs for the two frequencies, and the responses to 4.5 kHz are not produced by more tightly synchronized receptor populations, as judged by CAP breadth. We conclude that more receptors respond to 4. 5 kHz than to 30 kHz.

10aacoustic communication10acompound action potential10acricket10asensory coding10aTeleogryllus oceanicus10aultrasound1 aPollack, Gerald, S.1 aFaulkes, Zen uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5761802420nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001200284490000700296520152100303653001101824653001101835653001201846653001801858653001601876653002101892653001601913653001001929653001501939653001501954653001201969100001701981700001901998700001802017700002002035856005102055 2008 eng d a0006-897700aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid (Emblemasoma sp., Sarcophagidae, Diptera) and the Calling Behavior of Potential Hosts0 aAuditory Sensitivity of an Acoustic Parasitoid iEmblemasomai sp  cJan-01-2008 a16 - 260 v723 a

Using field broadcasts of model male calling songs, we tested whether Tibicen pruinosa and T. chloromera (Homoptera: Cicadidae) are candidate hosts for acoustic parasitoid flies. The model calling song of T. pruinosa attracted 90% of the flies (Sarcophagidae: Emblemasoma sp.; all larvapositing females) when broadcast simultaneously with the model T. chloromera song, a phonotactic bias reconfirmed in single song playbacks. In paired broadcasts of model T. pruinosa songs with different relative amplitudes (3 dB or 6 dB), significantly more flies were attracted to the more powerful song, a result consistent with the responses predicted by a model proposed by Forrest and Raspet [1994]. Using intracellular recordings and dye injections, we characterized the sensitivity of auditory units in sound-trapped flies. Intracellular recordings from six auditory units (5 interneurons, 1 afferent) revealed best sensitivity for frequencies near 3-4 kHz, matching the predominant spectral components of the calling songs of both species of cicada. Interestingly, although flies could be attracted to T. pruinosa broadcasts throughout the day, hourly censuses of singing males revealed that calling occurred exclusively at dusk. Furthermore, the duration of the dusk chorus in T. pruinosa was significantly shorter than the midday chorus of the less attractive song of T. chloromera. We propose that the tight temporal aggregation of the dusk chorus time could function to reduce risk from attracted parasitoids.

10aChorus10aCicada10acricket10aDiel Behavior10aEmblemasoma10afrequency tuning10ainterneuron10aOrmia10aparasitoid10aphonotaxis10aTibicen1 aFarris, H.E.1 aOshinsky, M.L.1 aForrest, T.G.1 aHoy, Ronald, R. uhttps://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/13945802220nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131520162800200653001301828653001801841653001201859653002301871653001501894653002001909100001701929700002401946856006801970 2005 eng d00aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on Sound Localization Cues0 aEffect of the Temporal Pattern of Contralateral Inhibition on So3 a

We studied the temporal coding properties of identified interneurons in the auditory system of crickets, using information theory as an analytical tool. The ascending neuron 1 (AN1), which is tuned to the dominant carrier frequency (CF) of cricket songs, selectively codes the limited range of amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies that occur in these signals. AN2, which is most sensitive to the ultrasonic frequencies that occur in echolocation calls of insectivorous bats, codes a broader range of AM frequencies, as occur in bat calls. A third neuron, omega neuron 1 (ON1), which is dually tuned to both ranges of carrier frequency, was shown previously to have CF-specific coding properties, allowing it to represent accurately the differing temporal structures of both cricket songs and bat calls. ON1 is a source of contralateral inhibition to AN1 and AN2, enhancing binaural contrast and facilitating sound localization. We used dichotic stimulation to examine the importance of the temporal structure of contralateral inhibition for enhancing binaural contrast. Contralateral inhibition degrades the coding of temporal pattern by AN1 and AN2, but only if the temporal pattern of inhibitory input matches that of excitation. Firing rate is also decreased most strongly by temporally matched contralateral inhibition. This is apparent for AN1 in its mean firing rate; for AN2, high-frequency firing is selectively suppressed. Our results show that the CF-specific coding properties of ON1 allow this single neuron to enhance effectively localization cues for both cricket-like and bat-like acoustic signals.

10aauditory10acommunication10acricket10ainformation theory10aphonotaxis10atemporal coding1 aMarsat, Gary1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0646-05.200502304nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123520165300192653002701845653001601872653001201888653002401900653002001924100002501944700001401969700001901983856012002002 2011 eng d00aHigh background noise shapes selective auditory filters in a tropical cricket0 aHigh background noise shapes selective auditory filters in a tro3 a

Because of call frequency overlap and masking interference, the airborne sound channel represents a limited resource for communication in a species-rich cricket community like the tropical rainforest. Here we studied the frequency tuning of an auditory neuron mediating phonotaxis in the rainforest cricket Paroecanthus podagrosus, suffering from strong competition, in comparison with the same homologous neuron in two species of European field crickets, where such competition does not exist. As predicted, the rainforest species exhibited a more selective tuning compared with the European counterparts. The filter reduced background nocturnal noise levels by 26 dB, compared with only 16 and 10 dB in the two European species. We also quantified the performance of the sensory filter under the different filter regimes by examining the representation of the species-specific amplitude modulation of the male calling song, when embedded in background noise. Again, the filter of the rainforest cricket performed significantly better in terms of representing this important signal parameter. The neuronal representation of the calling song pattern within receivers was maintained for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios because of the more sharply tuned sensory system and selective attention mechanisms. Finally, the rainforest cricket also showed an almost perfect match between the filter for sensitivity and the peripheral filter for directional hearing, in contrast to its European counterparts. We discuss the consequences of these adaptations for intraspecific acoustic communication and reproductive isolation between species.

10aacoustic communication10acompetition10acricket10adirectional hearing10aMatched filters1 aSchmidt, Arne, K. D.1 aRiede, K.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.053819https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05381901372nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300000800257490000900265520062200274653001700896653001700913653001200930653001300942653001500955653001600970100002400986700001701010856011501027 2017 eng d a1175-532600aAnurogryllus Saussure, 1877 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae) from southern Brazil: new species and new records0 aAnurogryllus Saussure 1877 Orthoptera Gryllidae Gryllinae from s cOct-07-2017 a5590 v42903 a

The aim of this work was to extend the taxonomic knowledge of the species of Anurogryllus Saussure, 1877 that occurs in the southern municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. We found three different species, Anurogryllus tapes sp. nov. collected in municipalities of Canguçu and Capão do Leão, Anurogryllus patos sp. nov. from Capão do Leão and Anurogryllus toledopizai (de Mello, 1988) recorded from Canguçu, Capão do Leão e São Lourenço do Sul. Here we present the descriptions of morphology, male genitalia and calling songs.

10abioacoustics10acalling song10acricket10aEnsifera10aOrthoptera10aPampa biome1 aRedü, Darlan, Rutz1 aZefa, Edison uhttps://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4290.3https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4290.3.902044nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245010800054210006900162260001600231300001400247490000700261520134900268653002501617653001201642653001701654653001001671653001401681100001901695700001801714700001701732856006501749 1984 eng d a0022191000aProcessing of vibratory and acoustic signals by ventral cord neurones in the cricket Gryllus campestris0 aProcessing of vibratory and acoustic signals by ventral cord neu cJan-01-1984 a575 - 5850 v303 a

The responses of single vibratory receptors and ascending ventral cord interneurones were studied extracellularly in Gryllus campestris L. The physiology of the vibration receptors resembled those found in tettigoniids and locusts. The frequency responses of the subgenual receptors provide two possible cues for central frequency discrimination: differences in mean tuning between groups of receptors in the different leg pairs and a range of receptors tuned to different frequencies within one subgenual organ.

Most of the ascending vibratory interneurones were highly sensitive in either the low or high frequency range. Broadbanded neurones were less sensitive. The characteristic sensitivity peaks of these units are due mainly to receptor inputs from a particular leg pair, although most central neurones receive inputs from all 6 legs. Only one neurone type, TN1 received excitatory inputs from both auditory and vibratory receptors; its responses were greatly enhanced by the simultaneous presentation of both stimulus modes. The responses to sound stimuli of AN2, on the other hand, were inhibited by vibration. No other auditory interneurones investigated were influenced by inputs from vibration receptors. Central processing of vibratory information in the cricket is compared with that of tettigoniids and locusts.

10acentral coprocessing10acricket10ainterneurone10asound10avibration1 aKühne, Roland1 aSilver, Susan1 aLewis, Brian uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/002219108490086601514nas a2200217 4500008004100000245017200041210006900213260001600282300001200298490000700310520079700317653001701114653001101131653001201142653001401154653001201168653001801180100002801198700001701226856005301243 2011 eng d00aContribution to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 in South America: Part I: Redescription of Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae)0 aContribution to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus 1758 in South A cJan-01-2011 a87 - 930 v143 a

The genus Gryllus includes 82 described species that occur in America from Canada to Argentina as well as in several areas of Africa, Europe and Asia. There are 12 species in South America, which were described in the nineteenth century based on a small number of samples and inconsistent characters such as body coloration and external morphology. The aim of this article is to redescribe Gryllus argentinus Saussure, 1874 collected in the urban areas of Pelotas, Capão do Leão and Rio Grande, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, highlighting phallic sclerites, calling song and body morphometry. We designate the lectotype male, provide a combination of diagnostic characteristics and discuss the taxonomic situation of South American Gryllus species.

10abioacoustics10aBrazil10acricket10agenitalia10ainsects10apars stridens1 aMartins, Luciano, de P.1 aZefa, Edison uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ens.2011.14.issue-101809nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245016700055210006900222260001600291300000800307490000900315520091000324653001701234653001601251653001201267653001201279653001501291653001301306100002901319700002301348700001901371700003401390700003301424700001701457856005701474 2017 eng d a1175-532600aNew species of Endecous (Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae, Luzarinae) from the Iguaçu National Park (Brazil), including bioacoustics, cytogenetic and distribution data0 aNew species of Endecous Grylloidea Phalangopsidae Luzarinae from cJan-03-2017 a4540 v42373 a

In this study we describe two new species of cavicolous-straminicolous crickets for southern Brazil. Endecous chape n. sp. and E. naipi n. sp. are sympatric crickets that inhabit the Atlantic Semideciduous Forest of the Iguaçu National Park and adjacent areas. The descriptions were based on morphological characters, mainly from male genitalia and tegmina of adult males. Furthermore, we describe the chromosomes and the calling song of one of the new species, E. chape n. sp., presenting a discussion about the morphology of the phallic complex of Endecous and a distribution map for the species of the genus. The type-material is deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP), and in the Coleção de Insetos do Departamento de Zoologia (Zoology Department Insect Collection), Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP—Botucatu campus.

10acalling song10achromosomes10acricket10ainsects10aOrthoptera10ataxonomy1 aSouza-Dias, Pedro, G. B.1 aSzinwelski, Neucir1 aFianco, Marcos1 ade Oliveira, Elliott, Centeno1 ade Mello, Francisco, de A.G.1 aZefa, Edison uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4237.3