02184nas a2200181   4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520157400201653002501775653002501800653001301825653002201838653001401860653002401874100002501898700002401923856005501947       2020                        eng d00aSong-type switching rate in the chaffinch carries a message during simulated intrusion0 aSongtype switching rate in the chaffinch carries a message durin3 a<p>Birds communicate their motivation and willingness to escalate a territorial conflict with a variety of agonistic signals. One of these, song-type switching, has been suggested to be a conventional signal in male&ndash;male interactions. However, this behavior does not show a consistent pattern across species. In this study, we asked whether variation in song-switching rate carries a message for song receivers among territorial chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs. Chaffinch song is well described, but only a few studies have focused on the communicative function of song-type switching or bout duration. Using data from playback experiments, we show here that variation in song-type switching rate affects the response of chaffinches. In response to the low switching rate treatment, territorial males began to sing later, produced fewer songs and more rain calls, decreased flight intensity, and spent more time close to the speaker than during playback of songs with a high switching rate. Our results provide strong evidence that the song-type switching rate is an agonistic signal in the chaffinch and that territorial males exhibit a stronger response toward rivals that sing with a lower song-type switching rate. A secondary purpose of our study was to determine the receivers&rsquo; response with respect to their own song rate and song repertoire. We found that the reaction of tested males was correlated with their own spontaneous song rate. This implies that a male&rsquo;s response to stimuli may be predicted on the basis of his own song output.</p>
10aAggressive signaling10aanimal communication10abirdsong10aFringilla coelebs10asong rate10aSong-type switching1 aDeoniziak, Krzysztof1 aOsiejuk, Tomasz, S.  uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-020-2825-202634nas a2200241   4500008004100000245012300041210006900164520179300233653001702026653002002043653004702063653001702110653002302127653003602150653002702186653001402213100002902227700002102256700001902277700002202296700002002318856005402338       2020                        eng d00aCan singing rate be used to predict male breeding status of forest songbirds? A comparison of three calibration models0 aCan singing rate be used to predict male breeding status of fore3 a<p>For male songbirds, song rate varies throughout the breeding season and is correlated with breeding cycle stages. Although these patterns have been well documented, this relationship has not been used to predict a bird&rsquo;s breeding status from acoustic monitoring. This challenge of using a response (i.e., behavior) to indirectly measure an underlying biological state is common in ecology, but correctly address- ing the associated statistical challenge of calibration is rare. The objective of this study was to determine whether variation in song rate can be used to predict the breeding status of the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi). In 2016, song rates from 28 male Olive-sided Flycatchers were collected from human observers (n = 545 five-minute counts) and breeding status (i.e., single, paired, and feeding young) was monitored throughout the breeding season. The predictive ability of three modeling approaches&mdash;regres- sion, hierarchical, and a classification tree&mdash;was evaluated using sensitivity and specificity to determine the best modeling approach. The hierarchical model was the best at predicting all three breeding status classes, with a mean sensitivity of 69%, compared with 54% and 50% from the regression and machine learning models, respectively. Our results suggest that song rate can be used as an indirect measurement of breeding status in the Olive-sided Flycatcher when using a hierarchical modeling approach to calibrate the breeding status&ndash;song rate relationship. This novel modeling approach provides a cost-effective tool to collect much needed demographic information over large spatial extents and inform species status assess- ments, recovery strategies, and management plans for species of conservation concern.</p>
10abioacoustics10abreeding status10aclassification and regression trees (CART)10aforest birds10ahierarchical model10amultinomial logistic regression10aOlive-sided Flycatcher10asong rate1 aUpham‐Mills, Emily, J.1 aReimer, Jody, R.1 aHaché, Samuel1 aLele, Subhash, R.1 aBayne, Erin, M.  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/21508925/11/1