01855nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001300041245008300054210006900137260001600206300001400222490000800236520135700244100002701601700001901628856005001647       1998                        eng d  a0028083600aEvolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancient grasshoppers0 aEvolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancien  cAug-08-1999  a773 - 7760 v3943 a<p>Ears of modern insects occur on a wide variety of body parts and are thought to have evolved from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors1,2,3,4. This relationship, based on comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa5,6,7, has led to the widespread assumption of homology of these structures in insects, although this has not been tested rigorously. Here we report on the hearing organs of a relatively ancient8, atympanate bladder grasshopper9,10,11 (Bullacris membracioides), which is capable of signalling acoustically over &sim;2&thinsp;km12. We show that, within single individuals of this species, serially repeated abdominal ears show functional continuity from simple to more complex forms. All 12 morphologically differentiated organs respond to sound frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant, and mediate adaptive behavioural responses. By linking observations at the anatomical, physiological and behavioural level, our experiments provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage during the evolutionary development of this complex structure13,14. It is possible that ancestral insects with only simple pleural receptors had auditory capability covering distances substantially greater than contemporary insects with tympanate ears.</p>
1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aRömer, Heiner  uhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/29517