Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) apicalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1840)

References to song. Ch. apricarius apricarius (Linnaeus, 1758). Ragge & Reynolds (1998): recordings from Western Europe; Vedenina & Bukhvalova (2001): recordings from the Ukraine, central and southern parts of European Russia, South Kazakhstan, and Altai Mts.; Benediktov (2005): recordings from Altai Mts.; Iorgu & Iorgu (2011): recordings from Romania.Ch. apricarius major Pylnov, 1914. Vedenina & Bukhvalova (2001): recordings from the North Caucasus, North Ossetia.

Song. Male calling song is a prolonged echeme-sequence lasting about 15–30 s. The song begins quietly and gradually reaches maximum intensity in the first third or half of its duration (Figs. 61–63). Typically, each echeme consists of an abrupt “click” followed by two syllables (Figs. 64–71). Echeme repetition period gradually decreases towards the middle of a song and more abruptly increases in last ca. 10 echemes (Tishechkin & Bukhvalova, 2009b, fig. 84). In males from Kyrgyzstan echeme repetition period in the middle of a song averages 180–240 ms (Figs. 64–67). In the nominotypical subspecies, there are few if any gaps in syllables (Figs. 64–71), whereas in Ch. apricarius major typically, several gaps present in each syllable (Figs. 72–74).

In contrast to some other species, rhythmically repeated elements in the songs of Ch. apricarius and G. mollis are produced by several up- and downstrokes of hind legs, i. e. formally should be referred to as echemes. However, on oscillograms they look like syllables in the songs of other species (e. g. in S. fischeri, G. sibiricus, G. maritimus). For this reason, for the purposes of comparative signal analysis it is sometimes more convenient to refer such elements to as syllables despite the differences in leg movements (Tishechkin & Bukhvalova, 2009b).

Comparative notes. The Caucasian subspecies, Ch. apricarius major distinctly differs from Ch. apricarius apricarius in more complicated echeme pattern (Figs. 72–74), although is similar with it in general pattern of the song and in echeme repetition period (Vedenina & Bukhvalova, 2001). On the other hand, we have not found any differences in signal patterns between Ch. apricarius from Kyrgyzstan (Figs. 64–67; Ch. apricarius asiaticus, according to Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951) and from European Russia (Figs. 68–71; the nominotypical subspecies, according to Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951).

According to original description (Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951), in Ch. apricarius asiaticus cubital veins on forewing are separated throughout all the length of medial area so that cubital area is always distinct (Fig. 75, holotype, after Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951) and antennae are rather thick (length to width ratio of a middle antennal segment averages 1.25–1.75). In the nominotypical subspecies cubital veins on forewing are separated only at the base (Fig. 76); occasionally, they are separated throughout all the length of medial area (Fig. 77), but in this case antennae are thin (length to width ratio of a middle antennal segment averages 2–2.25).

In males from Kyrgyzstan, which signals were studied, cubital veins on forewing are separated only at the base (males from the Central Tien Shan Mts., Figs. 78–79), or form distinct but very narrow cubital area (males from the West Tien Shan Mts., Figs. 80–82). Proportions of middle antennal segments vary greatly even in males from the same locality collected at the same date. Photographs of forewings and antennae of three males from Sary Chelek Nature Reserve collected one after another on the same glade are given on Figs. 80–85; signals of all males were recorded on disk. As can be seen from these photographs, two males should be attributed to the nominotypical subspecies (Figs. 80, 83 and 82, 85: combination of distinct cubital area and thin antennae), and one to Ch. apricarius asiaticus (Figs. 81 and 84: distinct cubital area but thick antennae). Thus, all diagnostic traits mentioned in original description actually cannot be used for discrimination between Ch. apricarius apricarius and Ch. apricarius asiaticus, and both forms can be found in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan. For this reason, we establish a synonymy Ch. apricarius apricarius (Linnaeus, 1758) = Ch. apricarius asiaticus Mistshenko, 1951, syn. n. [1]

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